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NBB1 > Organization of Nervous System > Flashcards

Organization of Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the spinal cord extend to and from?

A

Foramen magnum to L1 vertebral body

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2
Q

How does the spinal cord relate to inputs and outputs?

A

Spinal nerves that form peripheral nerves, include inputs from sensory receptors and outputs to muscle, glands and smooth muscle

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3
Q

What are the 3 major features of the spinal cord?

A
  1. Long and short pathways
  2. Spinal nerves (dorsal - sensory, ventral - motor)
  3. Grey matter
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4
Q

What are the 3 types of spinal cord circuits?

A
  1. Reflex circuits: feedback inhibition/negative feedback
  2. Basic motor circuits: postural/locomotor outputs
  3. Sensory processing
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5
Q

What is the order of portions of the brainstem, caudal to cranial?

A

Medulla, pons, midbrain (mesencephalon)

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6
Q

What are the key features of the brainstem?

A

Transition between spinal cord –> brain

  • Cranial nerves
  • Long pathways (corrticospinal tract)
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7
Q

Which cranial nerves are in the medulla, and what is the function of the medulla?

A

IX, X, XI and XII
Receive info from: taste structures, skin of head, heart, lungs, major blood vessels and digestive system (digestion + visceral control!)

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8
Q

What are the functions of the nuclei/grey matter in the medulla?

A
  1. Regulates body homeostasis: HR, respiration, vasomotor tone, gastric secretion
  2. Related reflexes: vomiting, coughing, sneezing, swallowing, gagging
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9
Q

What cranial nerves emerge from the pons?

A

V, VI, VII and VIII

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10
Q

What are the functions of the nuclei of the pons?

A

Balance
Localizing sound/coordinating eye movements
Facial expression
Reflexes related to: eye movements, jaw jerk

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11
Q

What cranial nerves emerge from the midbrain?

A

III and IV

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12
Q

What are the functions of the nuclei of the midbrain?

A

Control orienting to sound, visual reflexes and motor control

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13
Q

What are the projections from the midbrain to the cortex and what is their function?

A

Substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area

Source of dopamine projections that influence movement and reward

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14
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A
  • Composed of nuclei and neuronal circuits, many of which are the origin of projections to the cortex or spinal cord
  • Runs through the core of the brainstem (dorsal side)
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15
Q

What is the reticular activating system? Where does the rostral reticular formation originate and what does it do?

A
  • Pons/midbrain that projects rostrally

- It controls attention, arousal, sleep and wakefulness

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16
Q

What does the caudal reticular formation control and where does it originate?

A
  • Medulla, projects caudally
  • Includes centers that control respiratory rhythm, blood pressure, digestion
  • reflexes (facial expressions, gag, yawn, swallowing, vomiting)
  • Movement: reticulospinal tracts
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17
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum? And by what mechanism?

A

Functions in motor control, learning, posture, orientation and balance
- Allows feedforward control of movement (as you practice, it builds a model)

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18
Q

How many layers does the cerebellum have in its cortex?

A

3 layers

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19
Q

What does damage to the cerebellum cause?

A

ATAXIA (disordered movement)

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20
Q

What is the function of the thalamus? What is its structure?

A
  • Major relay station and integrated center for all inputs to the cortex (e.g. sensory, motor, reticular formation, limbic system)
  • Cluster of nuclei which have specific functions
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21
Q

What are the projections to the cortex called?

A

Thalamocortical radiations

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22
Q

What are the components of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Subthalamus

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23
Q

Where does sensory information project in the thalamus?

A

Lateral group

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24
Q

Where does the reticular nuclei in the thalamus receive information from?

A

Reticular activating system

25
Q

Where does the intralaminar nuclei in the thalamus receive information from?

A

Reticular activating system

26
Q

What is the name of the main cerebral hemisphere?

A

Telencephalon

27
Q

What are the two major portions of the cerebral hemispheres?

A
  1. Cortex

2. Basal Ganglia

28
Q

How many layers of cells are present in the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres? And what type are they?

A

6 layers of cells (GREY MATTER)

29
Q

What is the terminology for elevations and depressions in the cortex?

A

Elevations: gyri
Depressions: sulci
Deepest: fissures

30
Q

What are the two “under the surface” components of the cerebral hemisphere?

A
  1. White matter

2. Basal Ganglia

31
Q

Where are the key areas of white matter in the cerebrum?

A
  1. Cortex-subcortical areas
  2. Subcortical areas to cortex
  3. Cortex to cortex
  • Corpus callosum connects R to L!
32
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

Chooses and initiates motor patterns and behaviors to generate habits

33
Q

What are the two major sulci?

A
  1. Central sulcus

2. Sylvian Fissure

34
Q

What are the 5 lobes of the cerebrum?

A

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal, Limbic

35
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

Planning, organizing, controlling behavior

36
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

Sensory perception of self & world

37
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

Visual processsing

38
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

Auditory (superior), visual (middle) and memory (medial) processing

39
Q

What is the function of the limbic lobe?

A

Emotional processing and memory consolidation

40
Q

What is the primary cortex for sensory?

A

First cortical receiving area for sensory information

41
Q

What is the primary cortex for motor?

A

The last cortical area to project to the spinal cord and brainstem

42
Q

Where is the primary cortex located? (motor)

A

Pre-central gyrus

43
Q

Where is the primary cortex located? (somato-sensory)

A

Post-central gyrus

44
Q

Where is the primary cortex located? (visual)

A

Back of the occipital lobe

45
Q

Where is the primary cortex located? (auditory)

A

Sylvian Fissure

46
Q

How does the primary cortex perceive w/ respect to R and L?

A

Right controls/perceives left, Left controls/perceives right

47
Q

How are primary cortices organized?

A

Topographically = localization of function!

E.g. somatotopic arrangement: primary somatosensory/motor cortices, retinotopic arrangement in primary visual cortex, tonotopic arrangement in primary auditory cortex

48
Q

What is the function of the association cortex?

A

Carries out higher-order processing

49
Q

What is layer I in cortex for?

A

Molecular: synaptic contacts from other layers

50
Q

What is layer II in cortex for?

A

Small pyramidal: corticocortical

51
Q

What is layer III in cortex for?

A

Medium pyramidal: corticocortical

52
Q

What is layer IV in cortex for?

A

Granular: inputs from thalamus = sensory

53
Q

What is layer V in cortex for?

A

Large pyramidal: outputs to CNS = motor

54
Q

What is layer VI in cortex for?

A

Polymorphic: outputs to thalamus

55
Q

What three things in our brains are expanded compared to our closest primate ancestors?

A
  1. Increased arborization
  2. Increased neuropil (glia, axons, dendrites)
  3. Increased number of connections between cells
56
Q

What are Brodmann’s Areas?

A

52 areas of the cortex that have characteristic cellular features that correspond to function

57
Q

What does the limbic system include?

What is its structure?

A

Medial regions of the cortex with hippocampal formation and the amygdala
- Allocortex,

58
Q

What is the function of the limbic system?

A

Involved in processing or long-term memory and emotional memory

NBB1 (16 decks)

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