Organization of the CNS

Question 1

Are exciteable and conductive

Answer 1

Neurons

Question 2

Provide output to muscles, glands (PNS), and other neurons (CNS)

Answer 2

Neuron Terminals

Question 3

Generate action potentials

Answer 3

Neuronal Axons

Question 4

Insulates axons and increases conduction velocity

Answer 4

Myelin

Question 5

The “trigger zone” of the neuron

Answer 5

Axon Hillock

Question 6

Carry sensory information from the periphery

-Associated with receptors

Answer 6

PNS Afferents

Question 7

The cells bodies of PNS afferents are usually in the

Answer 7

Dorsal root ganglia

Question 8

Carry (usually) motor signals to skeletal and smooth muscle

Answer 8

PNS Efferents

Question 9

The cell bodies of PNS efferents are in the

Answer 9

Central Nervous System

Question 10

CNS neurons are mostly

Answer 10

Interneurons

Question 11

Interneurons form connections within the

Answer 11

CNS

Question 12

Connect to neurons in the immediate region

Answer 12

Local Interneurons

Question 13

Project to more distant areas of the CNS

Answer 13

Projection interneurons

Question 14

Receiving areas of neurons can be large or small and vary in dimension. More inputs to a neuron means more

Answer 14

Convergence

Question 15

Number of outputs from axon terminals reflects

Answer 15

Divergence

Question 16

Convergence of information enables integration of

Answer 16

Inhibitory and exciteatory information

Question 17

What are clusters of cell bodies called in the

1. ) CNS
2. ) PNS

Answer 17

1. ) Nucleus

2. ) Ganglia

Question 18

Is mainly cell bodies and synapses

Answer 18

Grey matter

Question 19

Are myelinated axons

Answer 19

White matter

Question 20

Grey and white matter are reversed in the

Answer 20

Spinal cord

Question 21

In the basal ganglia, diencephalon and brainstem, the combined ratio of glial cells to neurons is is

Answer 21

11.35

Question 22

What are the three non-neuronal cells in the CNS?

Answer 22

Ependymal, Macroglia, and Microglia

Question 23

Line the fluid-filled cavities of the brain (ventricles) and the central canal of the spinal cord

Answer 23

Ependymal Cells

Question 24

What are the two types of macroglia?

Answer 24

Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

Question 25

Phagocytes, active after injury, infection or disease in the CNS -Produce growth factors

Answer 25

Microglia (5-20% of glial population)

Question 26

Form the glial membrane -an important component of Blood-brain barrier

Answer 26

Astrocytes

Question 27

In the blood-brain barrier, control K+ and modulate the vascular tone in the brain, controlling cerebral blood flow

Answer 27

Astrocytes

Question 28

Astrocytes remove K+ from extracellular fluid at nodes of Ranvier during

Answer 28

Action potentials

Question 29

Astrocytes remove neurotransmitters from synaptic clefts, which prevents

Answer 29

Glutamate excitotoxicity

Question 30

Communicate through gliotransmitters(D-serine, glutamate, ATP) in response to adjacent synaptic activity

Answer 30

Astrocytes

Question 31

Produce neurotropic factors and also produce scar tissue in response to CNS injury

Answer 31

Astrocytes

Question 32

Changes in neurons and pathways in response to experience

Answer 32

Neuroplasticity

Question 33

Comprised of the brain and spinal cord

Answer 33

CNS

Question 34

Comprised of the spinal nerves, peripheral nerves, and cranial nerves

Answer 34

PNS

Question 35

Components: 1. Motor efferents to muscle 2. Autonomic efferents to viscera* 3. Sensory afferents from skin, muscle, joints, visceral receptors

Answer 35

Spinal nerves

Question 36

Sends motor efferents to muscle and autonomic efferents to viscera

Answer 36

Spinal nerves

Question 37

In the thoracic and upper lumbar regions, spinal nerves are

Answer 37

Sympathetic

Question 38

In the sacral region, spinal nerves are

Answer 38

Parasympathetic

Question 39

Form peripheral nerves made up of connective tissue and fascicles with afferents and efferents

Answer 39

Spinal Nerves

Question 40

Fluid filled cavities in every region of the central nervous system Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Answer 40

Ventricles

Question 41

The spinal cord extends from the

Answer 41

Foramen magnum to the L1 vertebral body

Question 42

Has white matter pathways

Answer 42

Spinal cord

Question 43

For the long tracts, the sensory pathways are made up of

Answer 43

3 Neurons

Question 44

Spinal cord lesions that interrupt motor pathways can cause

Answer 44

Paralysis

Question 45

What are the two types of spinal cord reflex circuits?

Answer 45

1. ) Simple (monosynaptic): Stretch reflex | 2. ) Complex (multiple synapses): Flexor withdrawal reflex

Question 46

The "little brain" dorsal to the brainstem

Answer 46

Cerebellum

Question 47

The cerebellum functions in

Answer 47

Movement and balance

Question 48

Damage to the cerebellum causes

Answer 48

Ataxia (Disordered movement)

Question 49

What are the three parts of the brainstem?

Answer 49

1. ) Medulla 2. ) Pons 3. ) Midbrain

Question 50

Most of the cranial nerves exit on the

Answer 50

Ventral surface of brainstem

Question 51

The ventral surface of the brainstem contains the

Answer 51

Cerebral peduncles and pyramid

Question 52

The cerebral peduncle is located in the

Answer 52

Midbrain

Question 53

The pyramid is located in the

Answer 53

Medulla

Question 54

The transition between the spinal cord and brainstem

Answer 54

Medulla

Question 55

Which 4 cranial nerves are part of the medulla?

Answer 55

IX, X, XI, and XII

Question 56

Responsible for the regulation of body homeostasis, such as HR, respiration, vasomotor tone, and gastric secretions

Answer 56

Nuclei of the medulla

Question 57

Damage to the medulla =

Answer 57

Death

Question 58

Vomiting, coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and gagging are reflexes related to the

Answer 58

Medulla

Question 59

Which 4 cranial nerves are part of the pons?

Answer 59

V, VI, VII, and VIII

Question 60

The pons is responsible for

Answer 60

Balance, sound localization, eye movement, and coordination

Question 61

Is a large pathway into the cerebellum

Answer 61

Pons

Question 62

Located at the top of the brainstem

Answer 62

Midbrain (mesencephalon)

Question 63

Which 2 cranial nerves are part of the midbrain?

Answer 63

CN III and IV

Question 64

The nuclei of the midbrain are responsible for

Answer 64

Visual reflexes and motor control

Question 65

Has dopamine projections to the cortical areas of the cortex

Answer 65

Midbrain

Question 66

These dopamine projections are significant for

Answer 66

Movement and "reward"

Question 67

Has a net-like appearance and passes through the core of the brianstem

Answer 67

Reticular formation

Question 68

The reticular formation includes projections to the

Answer 68

Cortex or spinal cord

Question 69

Rostral projections from the pons and midbrain (pontomesencephalic)

Answer 69

Reticular activating system

Question 70

The reticular activating system projections controls

Answer 70

Attention, arousal, sleep, and wakefulness

Question 71

Can lead to loss of consciousness and Coma

Answer 71

Lesions of the reticular formation

Question 72

Major relay station for all inputs to the cortex -examples: sensory (except olfactory), motor areas

Answer 72

Thalamus

Question 73

Projections to the cortex are called

Answer 73

Thalmocortical radiations

Question 74

The diencephalon is made up of the

Answer 74

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus

Question 75

The cerebral hemisphere is called the

Answer 75

Telencephalon

Question 76

The elevations in the cerebral hemisphere

Answer 76

Gyri

Question 77

The depressions in the cerebral hemisphere

Answer 77

Sulci

Question 78

The deepest depressions are called

Answer 78

Fissures

Question 79

What are the two major sulci?

Answer 79

Sylvian fissure and Central sulcus

Question 80

What are the 5 lobes of the brain?

Answer 80

Frontal, Parietal, occipital, temporal, and limbic

Question 81

Responsible fro planning, organizing, and controlling behavior

Answer 81

Frontal lobe

Question 82

Responsible for Sensory perception of self and the world

Answer 82

Parietal lobe

Question 83

The occipital lobe is responsible for

Answer 83

Visual processing

Question 84

Responsible for auditory (superior), visual (middle) and memory (medial) processing

Answer 84

Temporal lobe

Question 85

Responsible for emotional processing and memory consolidation

Answer 85

Limbic lobe

Question 86

The first cortical receiving area for sensory information

Answer 86

Primary sensory cortex

Question 87

The last cortical area to project to the spinal cord and brainstem -Right controls/perceives left; left controls/perceives right

Answer 87

Primary motor cortex

Question 88

The primary cortex is divided into primary sensory and primary motor cortex by the

Answer 88

Central sulcus

Question 89

Sensory “fields” are represented in an orderly manner within the

Answer 89

Primary cortex

Question 90

Responsible for higher-order processing, e.g. perceptions, judgments, organization, calculations, language

Answer 90

Association Cortex

Question 91

Responsible for emotion and memory

Answer 91

Limbic System

Question 92

Part of the limbic system that is important for long-term memory formation

Answer 92

Hippocampus

Question 93

The part of the limbic system that is important for Fear-learning

Answer 93

Amygdala