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NBB Test 1 > Upper Motor Neurons > Flashcards

Upper Motor Neurons Flashcards

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1
Q

Ideas (motivation and planning) arise in the

A

Frontal lobe

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2
Q

Motor planning(organization of the movement) arises in the

A

Premotor areas

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3
Q

Informtation about spatial relationships arises in the

A

Posterior parietal cortex (parietal association cortex)

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4
Q

Where somatosensory and visual information are integrated

A

Posterior parietal cortex (parietal association cortex)

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5
Q

Difficulty in using body part to perform complex voluntary actions

A

Apraxia

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6
Q

Caused by lesions in premotoror posterior parietal cortex

A

Apraxia

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7
Q

Tested by asking patients to do things such as grasp a pencil or button a shirt

A

Apraxia

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8
Q

Project to SC and brainstem α-motor neurons and interneurons in lamina VIII and IX

A

Descending pathways

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9
Q

There are two groups of descending pathways. What do the following innervate:

  1. ) Medial pathways
  2. ) Lateral Pathways
A
  1. ) Proximal motor neurons (proximal muscles)

2. ) Distal motor neurons (distal muscles)

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10
Q

Upper motor neurons descend from the

A

Cortex or brainstem

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11
Q

The primary pathwayfor goal-directed movements

A

Corticospinal Tract (Pyramidal Tract)

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12
Q

Only descending pathway to project directlyto α-motor neurons of distal muscles

A

Corticospinal Tract (Pyramidal Tract)

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13
Q

The Corticospinal Tract (Pyramidal Tract) is the only pathway for

A

Fine movements of the fingers

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14
Q

The motor cortex is organized

A

Somatotropically

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15
Q

Project directly to motor neurons in the motor cortex

A

Large Betz Cells

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16
Q

The corticospinal tract can be disrupted in many places. But a common site for stroke is in the

A

Internal Capsule (affects posterior limb)

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17
Q

Projects directly and indirectly to motor neurons and motor interneurons in the lateral ventral horn (to distal muscles)

A

Lateral Corticospinal Tract (LCST)

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18
Q

Projects bilaterally to motor neurons and interneurons in the medial ventral horn (to proximal and trunk muscles)

A

ACST

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19
Q

The corticospinal tracts contribute to both the

A

Lateral and medial motor systems

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20
Q

Located in lateral funiculus, near to motor neurons to extremities

A

Lateral Motor Systems

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21
Q

Located in ventral funiculus, close to trunk motor neurons for proximal muscles

A

Medial Motor Systems

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22
Q

Major pathway for voluntary movements of the limbs

A

Lateral Corticospinal Tract

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23
Q

The lateral corticospinal tract is the only pathway for

A

Fine finger movements

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24
Q

Voluntary motor weakness (distal > proximal) on one side of the body are the major deficits with

A

LCST lesions

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25
What is a sign that suggests LCST lesion?
Babinski sign
26
Lesions above the spinal cord produce
Contralateral deficits
27
Lesions of the spinal cord produce symptoms on the
Same side as lesion
28
Are always BELOW the level of the lesion
Deficits
29
Elicited by stroking the lateral plantar surface (the sole) of the foot -The same reflex is seen in babies before the corticospinal tract is myelinated
Babinski Tests (Extensor plantar response)
30
These brainstem centers are used for responding to stimuli or movement errors, and to control postures and tone
Midbrain centers, Pontine Centers, and Medullary Centers
31
Most brainstem pathways are located in the
Medial Motor Systems
32
Most brainstem pathways are in the medial motor systems. Some of them only project as far as the
Cervical Spinal Cord
33
Project mainly ipsilaterally (some bilateral) to medial α-motor neurons throughout the length of the spinal cord
Reticulospinal Tracts
34
Contribute to posture and gait-related movements
Reticulospinal Tracts
35
Generate feed forward preparatory muscle activation -Contribute to muscle tone
Reticulospinal Tracts
36
An elaborate sensory system in the inner ear with specialized receptors that monitor head position, movement and acceleration
Vestibular System
37
Both pathways project to the medial ventral horn
Lateral and Medial Vestibulospinal Tracts
38
Projects ipsilaterally to medial LMNs to proximal muscles. -Especially facilitates extensor muscles in response to deviations from stable balance and upright balance
Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract
39
The lateral Vestibulospinal tract projects to the
Entire Spinal Cord
40
Projects bilaterally to controls (restores) head position in response to accelerations
Medial Vestibulospinal Tract
41
The medial vestibulospinal tract projects only to the
Cervical Spinal Cord
42
Tonic Activity in the reticulospinal tract and vestibulospinal tract facilitate
Muscle tone
43
Originates in the superior colliculus and crosses in the midbrain
Tectospinal tract
44
The tectospinal tract is in the
Medial Motor System
45
Generates orienting movements of the head to visual or auditory stimuli. It also helps to coordinate the eyes and head
Tectospinal tract
46
Originates in the red nucleus of the midbrain -Crosses in the midbrain
Rubrospinal Tract
47
Travels next to LCST in the spinal cord Only extends to the cervical spinal cord
Rubrospinal Tract
48
The rubrospinal tract facilitates
Flexor muscles more than extensor muscles
49
Initial shut-down of spinal circuits that lasts several days
Upper motor neuron lesions (UMNs)
50
The most extreme and long lasting UMN is
Spinal Shock (after spinal cord injury)
51
Occurs with severe hyper-reflexia: 5-7 Hz oscillation when the muscle is rapidly stretched and then held at a constant length
Clonus
52
UMN syndrome from right sided stroke will affect
Left side (Will see Babinski)
53
Velocity-dependent: less resistance to slow movement compared to fast
Hypertonia in UMN lesions
54
Initial resistance followed by inhibition of the muscle (possibly due to golgi-tendon response) seen in UMN lesions
Clasp-knife response
55
In lesions above brainstem, we see which type of posture?
Decorticate
56
Variations on the posturing depends on the level of brain damage. This can be seen in patients who are
Comatose
57
Spreading of movements: movement of one part of the body produces movements in other parts of the body. (they may mirror). You may see this in children, foot flexion, and hand flexion
UMN syndrome symptom
58
What is a positive sign for a UMN?
Hoffman's sign
59
By holding the patient’s finger loosely and flicking the fingernail downward, it will cause the finger to rebound into extension, if the thumb flexes and adducts, it is a positive
Hoffman's sign
60
Corticobulbar tract innervation is mostly
Bilateral
61
One exception is that the corticobulbar tract innervation is contralateral to
CNVII motor neurons to lower nucleus of VII
62
These CNVII motor neurons to lower nucleus of VII go to the
Lower face
63
Another exception is that that corticobulbar tract innervation is mostly contralateral to
CN XII
64
Lesions to one corticobulbar tract produce the following deficit
Paralysis to contralateral lower face and some paralysis to opposite tongue
65
From a bilateral standpoint, lesions to the corticobulbar tract produce
Dysphagia and Dysarthria
66
What is innervation to CN VII for the: 1. ) Upper face 2. ) Lower face
1. ) Bilateral | 2. ) Contralateral
67
What are four causes of Upper motor neuron syndrome?
Trauma, Stroke, MS, and ALS
68
At birth, is the motor system fully developed?
No
69
How many years does it take for complete myelination?
2
70
What are the three primitive resources present at birth?
Palmar grasp reflex, rooting reflex, and moro reflex
71
The primitive reflexes should disappear by
3-6 Months
72
A variety of non-progressive neurological disorders that appear in infancy or early childhood
Cerebral Palsy
73
Permanently affect body movement and muscle coordination
Cerebral Palsy
74
Ischemia at birth, hypoperfusion, trauma, and hemorrhage are all causes of
Cerebral palsy
75
75% of the time, cerebral palsy presents with
Hemiplegia, Diplegia, or Quadriplegia
76
15% of the time, cerebral palsy presents with
Ataxia

NBB Test 1 (20 decks)

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