Organs Associated With The Digestive Tract Flashcards

(176 cards)

1
Q

Las glándulas salivales menores

A

Se encuentran distribuidas en forma irregular en la mucosa de la boca
Palatinas
Las de los labios
Las de la lengua

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2
Q

Las glándulas salivales consisten de conductos que se ramifican y reciben el producto de múltiples celulas que forman un racimo llamado

A

Acino

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3
Q

Las células que forman el Acino

A

Celulas acinares

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4
Q

Las células acinares pueden ser según su producto

A

Mucosas y serosas

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5
Q

La glándula parotida esta constituida exclusivamente

A

Serosos

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6
Q

Las tres glándulas salivales pares mayores

A

Glándula parotida
Glándula sublingual
Glándula submandibular o submaxilar

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7
Q

Posee acinos mixtos

A

Glándula submaxilar

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8
Q

Predominantemente mucosa

A

Glándula salival

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9
Q

Entre las glándulas salivales menores las glándulas palatinas son

A

Mucoso

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10
Q

Las glándulas salivales de la boca son de tipo

A

Mixto

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11
Q

Las glándulas salivales de los labios son

A

Mucoso

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12
Q

Glándula salival mas grande con un peso en el adulto de 15 a 30 gramos

A

Glándula parotida

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13
Q

De forma triangular ubicada a ambos lados del ángulo mandíbular adentro de la rama ascendente de la mandíbula y puede extenderse hacia adelante hasta el arco cigomatico, hacia atrás puede cubrir la apofisis mastoides y parte del musculo esternocleidomastoideo y hacia la línea puede llegar al proceso estilo ideo

A

Glándula parotida

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14
Q

La glándula parotida esta cubierta por

A

Tejido adiposo el cual llega a infiltrar la glándula acompañado de tejido conectivo que forma tabiques

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15
Q

La secreción de las células acinares sale por múltiples conductillos que convergen uno con otro hasta formar un solo llamado

A

Conducto de Stenon o Stensen

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16
Q

Medida del conducto de Stenon o Stensen

A

Entre cuatro y siete centímetros de largo hasta desembocar en la cavidad bucal

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17
Q

Es la segunda glándula salival en tamaño llegando pesar de 7 a 15 gramos ubicada en el triángulo submandibular

A

Glándula submaxilar o submandibular

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18
Q

La glándula submaxilar la secreción sale por un conducto único por glándula llamado

A

Conducto de Wharton

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19
Q

Longitud del conducto de Wharton

A

Hasta 5 cm y desemboca a los lados del frenillo lingual

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20
Q

En la glándula submaxilar es mixta con predominancia Serosa, sus acinos mucosos presentan (un tipo gorrito) o semiluna formado por acinos serosos llamados

A

Semiluna de Giannuzzi

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21
Q

El par mas pequeño de las glándulas salivales pesando entre dos y cuatro gramos, se encuentra sobre el musculo milohiodeo en el piso de la cavidad bucal entre la lengua y la fosa sublingual de la mandíbula

A

Glándula sublingual

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22
Q

La secreción de la glándula sublingual desemboca en un conducto llamado

A

Conducto de Bartholin por detrás de la caruncula sublingual

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23
Q

Otros conductos accesorios que puede tener la glándula sublingual se llaman

A

Conductos de Rivinus

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24
Q

Cantidad de lobulillos de glándulas salivales menores que desembocan a la cavidad bucal

A

550 y 1000 lobulillos

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25
Las glándulas salivales menores miden aproximadamente
De uno a cinco milímetros siendo las más comunes las del paladar duro
26
Glándula mas grande y densa del cuerpo
Hígado
27
Peso aproximado del hígado
1500 gramos en el adulto
28
Función principal del hígado
Desintoxicación además de tener funciones exocrinas y endocrinas
29
Doble irrigación del hígado
Por un lado recibe sangre de la vena porta con sangre proveniente del intestino y otro un segundo sistema que proviene directo de la aorta a través de la arteria hepatica
30
Puede recibir toda la sustancia tóxica que ingresa al tubo digestivo por medio de
Vena porta
31
Celula epitelial glandular que constituye el parenquima hepatico se llama
Hepatocito
32
Capaz de degradar las sustancias tóxicas que ingerimos por oxidación,hidroxilacion, o conjunción
Hepatocito
33
Los productos de deshecho se excretan en
La bilis
34
Producto de secreción exocrina del hígado, fabricada por el Hepatocito que sirve para emulsificar las grasas que nos comemos
Bilis
35
La bilis es almacenada en
Vesícula biliar llegando por los conductos hepaticos
36
En el hígado los hepatocitos se disponen en
Placas o laminas
37
Las laminas de Hepatocitos tienen una disposición
Radial respecto a las ramas terminales de la vena hepatica
38
Su localización es en el centro de una de las unidades prismáticas de parenquima hepatico denominados lobulillos hepaticos o lobulillos clásicos
Vena central
39
Vértices de los lobulillos hepaticos son llamados
Espacios porta
40
La triada portal está conformada por
Un vaso biliar Un vaso venoso Vaso arterial rama de la arteria hepatica
41
Drena toda la bilis que se sintetiza en el hexágono que rodea a ese espacio porta drenando hacia
El conducto biliar
42
Unidad funcional hepatica
Acino hepatico de forma de hexágono
43
Las placas de hepatocitos se disponen en forma radial expuestas a cada lado a corrientes de sangre que fluyen en un sistema de canales vasculares llamados
Sinusoides hepaticos
44
En los humanos el tejido conectivo es
No hay límite entre lobulillos y el parenquima hepatico es casi continuo
45
Es un triángulo cuyos vértices están ocupados por tres venas centrales
Lobulillos portal
46
Los tres tipos de organización hepatica
Acino hepatico Lobulillo clásico Lobulillo portal
47
Porcentaje de irrigación sanguínea del hígado es de la vena porta
75%
48
Porcentaje de irrigación del hígado proveniente de la arteria hepatica
25%
49
La vena porta al pasar por la glandula hepatica se ramifica en
Venas interlobares
50
Las venas interlobares se ramifican en
Venas interlobulares
51
La mayoria del volumen sanguíneo va a parar al estroma del órgano un pequeño volumen continúa en
las arteriolas hepaticas terminales de los canales portales
52
las arteriolas hepaticas dan múltiples ramas colaterales que circunscriben los conductillos biliares y reciben el nombre de
Plexos peribiliares o plexos periductales
53
La sangre abandona el lobulillo hepatico a través de esa rama terminal de la vena hepatica que es
La vena central
54
La vena central drena a las
Venas intercaladas ( venas sublobulares)
55
Son mas grandes que los capilares y de forma más irregular, sus celulas están en aposición directa a las celulas epiteliales del parenquima
Sinusoides hepaticos
56
Tres tipos de celulas asociados a los sinusoides
La celula endotelial Celula de kupffer Celulas del Ito o celulas esteladas o estrelladas
57
Son aplanadas y forman la cubierta de revestimiento los sinusoides
Celulas endoteliales
58
Miembros del sistema mononuclear fagocitico
Celulas de Kupffer
59
Celulas almacenadoras de grasa que contienen muchas gotitas lípidicas , se encuentra por fuera del sinusoides pero emite ramificaciones que se ponen en contacto con las celulas parenquima tosas y con celulas endoteliales
Celulas del Ito
60
En su superficie sinusoidal el Hepatocito posee
Microvellosidades
61
La celula endotelial deja un pequeño espacio entre ella y las microvellosidades conocido como
Espacio perisinusoidal o espacio de Disse
62
La inclusión más abundante del citoplasma del Hepatocito es el
Glucógeno
63
Dos celulas adyacentes forman con sus membranas citoplasmaticas un
Canaliculo biliar
64
Es una estructura constituida por la membrana citoplasmatica de dos Hepatocitos adyacentes
Canaliculo biliar
65
Algunas partes del hígado están cubiertas por peritoneo, debajo de él hay una capa delgada de tejido conectivo irregular denso que se conoce como
Cápsula de Glisson
66
Flujo sanguineo en el hígado (debido a las células de Kupffer y al alto flujo sanguíneo)
500ml/min
67
El hígado hace con la sangre
Filtra la sangre removiéndole partículas extrañas y deshechos celulares
68
En el hígados se sintetizan todas las lipoproteinas excepto
Los quilomicrones sintetizados en el intestino delgado
69
Son las accarreadoras de los lípidos en la sangre incluyendo el colesterol
Lipoproteinas
70
Función excretora importante del hígado es
La captación y excreción de pigmento de bilirrubina
71
Se origina de la hemocateresis realizada por las células de Kupffer y los fagocitos del bazo
Bilirrubina
72
Es un órgano que su principal función es almacenar la bilis
Vesícula biliar
73
Ubicación de la vesícula biliar
Borde inferior del hígado en el plano de la línea medioclavicular a nivel del noveno arco costal con un tamaño de hasta 15 cm
74
Partes de la vesícula biliar
Fondo,cuerpo y cuello
75
La vesícula biliar desemboca
Al nivel del conducto cistico en la segunda porción del duodeno
76
Grosor de la pared de la vesícula biliar
2 mm
77
La vesícula biliar está formada por
Mucosa , muscular y Serosa
78
Formada por epitelio columnar simple, con sus nucleos ubicados basalmente, forma pliegues en forma de dedos con escaso tejido conectivo, debajo del epitelio hay una lamina basal que descansa sobre una lamina propia de tejido conectivo laxo, fibras elásticas, nerviosas, vasos sanguíneos y linfáticos productoras de IgA
Mucosa de la vesícula biliar
79
La capa muscular de la vesícula biliar constituida por
Musculo liso y puede emitir fibras que tocan el epitelio de la mucosa con celulas plasmaticas que producen IgM y la lamina propia se entremezcla con la muscular
80
La Serosa de la vesícula biliar es
Epitelio plano simple que envuelve al órgano, debajo se distinguen fibras de tejido conectivo, adiposo, vasos sanguíneos y linfáticos que constituyen una subserosa
81
Son herniaciones o invaginaciones de la mucosa que puede llegar a la subserosa en un 86% de los casos presentes en la vesícula biliar
Senos de Rokitansky-Aschoff
82
Son pequeños conductos ubicados en la cara hepatica de la vesícula biliar por donde pasa material biliar, presente en un 10% de las vesículas biliares y representa restos embrionarios
Conductos de Luschka
83
Cuanto mide el conducto cistico de largo y su diámetro
20 a 65 mm de largo | Y 4 mm de diámetro interno
84
Es un epitelio plano estratificado no queratenizado con papilas
Lengua
85
Epitelio plano estratificado no queratenizado con musculo por debajo liso o estriado dependiendo su ubicación
Esófago
86
Presencia de senos Rokitansky-Aschoff
Vesícula biliar
87
Tiene sinusoides que covergen en una vena central
Hígado
88
Epitelio columnar simple se encuentra en
Estomago
89
Main function of the salivary glands
Moinsten and lubricate ingested food, to initiate digestion with enzymes like amilase and lipase and innate immunity components such as Lysozyme and lactoferrin
90
Main function of liver
Carbohydrate and protein metabolism Inactivates toxic substances and drugs Synthesis of plasma proteins and factors necesary for coagulation
91
PH of saliva
6.5 to 6.9
92
Minor mucosal salivary glands secrete ... Of the total saliva volume
10%
93
Inadequate saliva production, leading dry mouth called
Xerostomia
94
Xerostomia is caused by
Mumps viral infection Radiation of the glands Effect of drugs such as anti histamine
95
Saliva is modified by the cells of
The ducts system draining the secretory units, with much Na and Cl reabsorbed and growth factors and enzymes are added
96
Excessive saliva production , associated with autonomic activity of nausea, inflammation within the oral cavity and rabies viral infection
Sialorrhea
97
Intercalated ducts have An epithelial
Cuboidal
98
Intercalated ducts joined form
Striated ducts with columnar striated duct cells and reabsorb Na
99
Usually elicited through the smell or taste food, provokes a copious watery secretion little organic content in salivary glands
Parasympathetic stimulation
100
Inhibits stimulation and secretion and produce the potential for dry mouth associated with anxiety
Sympathetic stimulation
101
Produce two third of all saliva
Submandibular glands
102
Secrete alpha amylase
Parotid glands
103
Secrete enzymes including Lysozyme for bacterial hydrolisis
Submandibular glands
104
Endocrine function of the pancreas involves primarily smaller cells similar to enteroendocrine cells located in variously size cluster called
Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)
105
Is usually a carcinoma of duct cells, can arise anywhere in the gland but occurs most often in the head of the organ near the duodenum, tumor is asymptomatic until grow and metastasis
Pancreatic cancer
106
Is a mixed exocrine-endocrine gland that produces both digestive enzymes and hormones, a retroperitoneal organ, consist of serous cells surrounding a very small lumen, each acinus is drained by short intercalated duct os simple squamous epithelium
Pancreas
107
Cells of the intercalated ducts secrete a large volume of fluid, which alkalinizes and transports hydrolytic enzymes produced in the acini.
Bicarbonate ions HCO3
108
The initial cells of the pancreas of these small intercalated ducts extend into the lumen of the acinus as small pale-staining
Centroacinar cells
109
The intercalated ducts merge with intralobular ducts and larger interlobular ducts which have increasingly columnar epithelia before joining to
Main pancreatic duct
110
The exocrine pancreas secretes approximately
1.5 L of alkaline pancreatic juice per day and delivers it directly into duodenum where the HCO3 ions neutralize the acidic Chyme from the stomach
111
The pancreas digestive enzymes include
Proteases, alpha amylase, lipases and nucleases
112
The proteases are secreted as inactive zymogens which are
``` Trypsinogen Chymotrypsinogen Proelastase Kallikreinogen Procarboxipeptidases ```
113
Trypsinogen is cleaved and activated by.... In the duodenum generating trypsin that activates the other proteases in cascade
Enteropeptidase
114
Pancreatic is protected against autodigestion by the following
Restricting protease activation to the duodenum Trypsin inhibitor which is compackaged in the secretory granules with trypsinogen. Low pH in the acini and duct system due to HCO3 secreted by the centroacinar and intercalated duct cells
115
The proenzymes may be activated and digest pancreatic tissues, possible include infection, gallstones, alcoholism, drugs and trauma
Acute pancreatitis
116
Can produce progressive fibrosis and loss of pancreatic function
Chronic pancreatitis
117
Exocrine secretion in the pancreas is regulated by two polypeptide hormones produced by enteroendocrine cells of small intestine
Cholecystokinin CCK | Secretin
118
Stimulates enzyme secretion by acinar cells
Cholecystokenin CCK
119
Promotes water and HCO3 secretion by the duct cells
Secretin
120
Nerve fibers also stimulate secretion from both acinar and duct cells
Autonomic parasympathetic
121
In normal liver most dense connective tissue is found only in the
Portal areas, surrounding blood vessels and bile ductule
122
Occurs late in chronic liver disease, fibrosis and proliferation of fibroblasts and hepatic stellate cells
Cirrhosis
123
Liver is the largest internal organ in adults averaging about
1.5 kg or 2% of the body weight
124
Has major left and right lobes with two smaller inferior lobes covered by a thin capsule and mesothelium of the visceral peritoneum
Liver
125
The capsule thickens at the hilum (or porta hepatis) on the inferior side where the dual blood supply from
Hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery
126
Main function of the liver is production of.., major interface between the digestive system and the blood as the organ in which nutrients absorbed in the small intestine are processed before distribution
Bile
127
About 75% of the blood entering the liver is nutrient rich but O2 poor , blood from .... Arising from the stomach, intestines, and spleen
Portal vein
128
25% comes from.... , and supplies the organs O2
Hepatic artery
129
The most functionally diverse cells of the body
Hepatocytes
130
Hepatocytes synthesis and secretion of plasma proteins including
Albumins, fibrinogen, apolipoproteins, transferrin and many others
131
Function of liver
``` Synthesis plasma proteins Gluconeogenesis Destoxification Desmination producing urea Storage of glucose and triglycerides Storage of vitamin A in hepatic stellate cells Kupffer cells Storage on iron in complexes with protein ferritin ```
132
Are large cuboidal or polyhedral epithelial cells, binucleated,50% are polyploid
Hepatocytes
133
The parenchyma is organized in ....., in which Hepatocytes form hundreds of irregular plates arranged radially around a small central vein
Hepatic lobules
134
The Hepatocyte plates are supported by a delicate stroma of
Reticulin fibers
135
Portal triad
Venule branch of the portal vein, with blood rich in nutrients but low in O2 An arteriole branch of the hepatic artery One or two small Bile ductules of cuboidal epithelium branches of the Bile conducting system
136
Between all the anastomosing plates of hepatocytes of a hepatic lobule are important vascular...., that emerge from the peripheral branches of the portal vein and hepatic artery and converge on the lobule's central vein
Sinusoids
137
The anastomosing Sinusoids have fenestrated endothelial cells surround by sparse basal lamina and reticular fibers, the discontinuous fenestration allow to plasma fill a narrow
Perisinusoidal space or space of Disse
138
Cells found with the Sinusoids of hepatic lobules
Kupffer cells | Ito cells or stellate cells
139
Stellate macrophages, phagocytose aged eritrocytes freeing heme and iron for reuse, remove bacteria or debris
Kupffer cells
140
In space of Disse or perisinusoidal space are cells that store vitamin A and other fat-soluble vitamins and produce ECM components (becoming myofibroblast after live injury) and cytokines that regulate Kupffer cells
Ito cells or hepatic stellate cells
141
Central venules from each lobule converge into larger veins which eventually form two or more large
Hepatic veins that empty into the inferior vena cava
142
Blood always flow from
Periphery to the center of each hepatic lobule
143
Oxygen and metabolites as Toxic or nontoxic substances absorbed in the intestines, are
Reach first lobule's peripheral cell and then more central
144
Hepatocytes near the portal areas can
Rely on aerobic metabolism and active in protein synthesis
145
Hepatocytes more central are exposed
To lower concentration of nutrients and oxygen and are more involved with detoxufication and glycogen metabolism
146
The hepatic plates hepatocytes adhere firmly with
Desmosomes and juntional complexes
147
The smaller apical surfaces of the hepatocytes form ..., are enlongated space (total length 1km) with large surface area due to the many short microvilli from hepatocytes
Bile canaliculi involved in exocrine secretion,
148
The Bile flows
From the center of the lobule to its periphery
149
Bile canaliculi are the smallest branches of the bilary tree , they empty into Bile....
Canals of hering
150
Canals of hering composed of cuboidal epithelial cells called
Cholangiocytes
151
The short Bile canals quickly merge in the portal areas with the Bile ductules (with distint connective sheath), merge, enlarge and form a right and left
Hepatic ducts
152
Into the canaliculi Hepatocyte secrete Bile which are a mixture of
Bile acids (cholic acid), Bile salt, electrolytes, fatty acids, phospholipids, cholesterol, and bilirubin
153
Pigmented breakdown product of heme that is released from splenic macrophages primario but also from Kupffer cells and carried to hepatocytes bound to albumen
Bilirubin
154
Give feces and urine their characterisitic colors
Bilirubin-related
155
Fibrosis produces connective tissue that can fill the perisinusoidal space and interfere with metabolic exchange between the hepatocytes and sinusoid
Cirrhosis
156
Fatty liver disease is a reversible condition in which large lipids droplets containing triglycerides accumulate abnormally in hepatocytes ,this disorder has multiple causes, but it occurs most commonly in individuals with alcoholism or obesity,vía the process called
Steatosis
157
Accumulation of fat in hepatocytes may produce a progressive inflammation of the liver, or hepatitis in this case called
Steatohepatitis
158
Three ways of considering live lobule structure
Hepatic lobule Portal lobule Hapatic acinus
159
Live lobule structure with blood flowing past hepatocytes from the portal areas to central venule producing factors for uptake by plasma
Hepatic lobule
160
Live lobule structure of liver, considering the exocrine function, Bile secretion, with the portal area that has the Bile ductule at the center moving in the opposite direction as the blood, drained Bile from hepatocytes to the bile duct, the area drained by each Bile duct is triangular
Portal lobule
161
Liver cells that supplies oxygenated blood to hepatocytes and the oxygen gradient fron hepatic artery branch to the central vein
Hepatic acinus
162
Peripheral hepatocytes nearest hepatic arterioles in the acinus get the most oxygen and nutrients carry out functions like protein synthesis
Zone I of hepatic acinus
163
Hepatocytes near the central vein that get the least oxigen and nutrients, sites of glycolysis, first hepatocytes to undergo fatty accumulation and ischemic necrosis
Zone III of hepatic acinus
164
Important function of Hepatocyte SER is
Conjugation of Hidrophobic yellow Bilirrubin by glucuronosyl transfer ases to form water soluble
165
The liver has a strong capacity for
Regeneration
166
Hepatocytes loss from action of toxic substances triggers mitosis in theremaining healthy Hepatocyte in a process of
Compensatory hyperplasia
167
Produce progenitor cells for hepatocytes and Cholangiocytes
Oval cells
168
Liver carcinoma is associated with
Chronic viral hapatitis B or C and Cirrhosis
169
The Bile produced by the hepatocytes flows through the
Bile canaliculi, Bile ductules, and Bile duct (left and right) that merge and form common hepatic duct that join cystic duct from gallbladder and continues the duodenum as common Bile duct
170
Hepatic, cystic and common Bile duct have and epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium of Cholangiocytes with thin lamina propia and Submucosa and muscularis
171
Muscularis in the gallbladder becomes thicker near the duodenum forming
A sphincter
172
Gallbladder capable for storing
30-50mL of Bile
173
The mucosa has numerous folds that are evident when the gallbladder is empty called
Senos de rokitansky Aschoff
174
Contraction of the gallbladder muscularis is induced by
Cholecystokinin CCK
175
Reabsorption of water from Bile in the gallbladder is involved in the formation of gallstones in the lumen of the gallbladder or bilary duct a condition called
Cholelithiasis
176
Supersaturation of cholesterol in Bile can lead to formation of
Cholesterol stones