orientation ch. 1 Flashcards
1
Q
anterior
A
towards front surface of the body
2
Q
ventral
A
covers frontal surface of the body
3
Q
posterior
A
towards the back of the body
4
Q
dorsal
A
covers the back surface of the body
5
Q
lateral
A
towards the side
6
Q
frontal or coronal
A
along coronal suture, separates front and back
7
Q
horizontal or axial
A
at transversus plane, divides upper from lower suture
8
Q
saggital section
A
divides along side of the body at midline (midsaggital)
9
Q
peripheral
A
away from the center of the body
10
Q
superficial
A
towards the surface
11
Q
distal
A
away from the midline
12
Q
proximal
A
closer to the midline
13
Q
medial
A
moving towards the midline
14
Q
superior
A
above
15
Q
inferior
A
below
16
Q
flexion
A
bending ventral surfaces together
17
Q
extension
A
separating ventral surfaces
18
Q
adduct
A
bring together or move towards midline
19
Q
abduct
A
separate or move away from midline
20
Q
prone
A
lying face down
21
Q
supine
A
lying face up
22
Q
tissue
A
collection of cells
23
Q
epithelial tissue
A
lining or superficial layer
skin membrane around tongue and larynx
24
Q
connective tissue
A
supportive function: fill space between other tissue blood bone fat cartilage
25
muscle tissue
specialized for contraction
| generates mechanical force
26
striated skeletal
striped appearance
muscle used to move the skeleton and other structures
under voluntary control
-tongue and lips
27
smooth muscle
sheet like muscle
generates contractions of internal organs
NOT voluntary control
28
cardiac muscle
interconnected contractile cells
provide contractile force for heart
NOT under voluntary control
29
nervous tissue
highly specialized in brian and nerves
composed of neurons and glia
info processing and communication functions
CNC & PNS
30
tissue aggregates
```
structures composed of tissue
fascia
ligaments
bones
tendons
joints
muscles
```
31
types of bone
```
compact
-rigid exterior
spongy
-porous softer interior
-produces red and white blood cells and plasma
```
32
ligaments
"binding"
hold organs in place and bind bones together
limited elasticity
bone to bone
33
tendons
```
attach muscle to bone and cartilage
strong to resist tearing
stronger than contractile force of muscle
same shape as muscle
bone to muscle
```
34
fibrous or synarthoidal joints
immobile with bones in direct contact
| -suture - union between skull bones
35
cartilaginous bones
cartilage provides union between bones
36
synovial joints
MOST RELEVANT
allow mobility of structures
characterized by a fluid filled cavity
articular capsule also surrounds cavity
37
synovial joints
articular capsule surrounds cavity
plane joints
spheroid joints
and condylar joints
38
spheroid synovial joint
"ball and socket"
| highly flexible allowing rotation and gliding
39
condylar synovial joint
```
shallower version of ball and socket
oval shaped and elliptical shaped
more limited movement and range
subtypes:
saddle
pivot
hinge
```
40
abdomen or belly
mechanical contribution
41
thorax (chest)
rib cage housing lungs
| -air supply for speech and life
42
neck
houses larynx and lower pharynx
43
head
oral cavity, nasal cavity, skull, brain
44
temporomandibular joint
synovial joint which is the only movable joint of the skull
condylar process into elliptical cavity
controls opening and closing of the mouth and rotatory mastication movements
45
muscle contraction
muscles shorten
| typically occurs around a joint
46
most important speech movements
do NOT occur around joints instead muscles move soft tissue structure
-tongue, lips
47
muscles are a collection of
muscle fibers
| individual cells are grouped into fascicles
48
muscles have _____ endings
tendinous
49
all muscles have point of
origin and insertion
| least mobile or most proximal is point of insertion
50
all muscles are innervated by
motor nerve
| motor nerve split into fibers that make contact with multiple fibers on a single muscle
51
nerve fiber + muscle fiber =
motor unit
| controls the rate and duration of muscle fiber contraction
52
innervation ratio
number of muscle fibers contacted by a single nerve fiber
many fibers = high innervation ratio/crude control
few fibers = low innervation ratio/fine control
53
force of contraction
determined by type of muscle fibers and how many contract
54
larger muscle fibers with ____ innervation ratios produce ____ contractions
high, stronger
55
smaller muscles with ____ and more numerous motor units permit more ___ _____ contractions
smaller, fine grained
56
muscle tone
activity within nerve produces a certain amount of resting contractile tension
increasing tension increases tone
hypertonic and hypotonic
57
agonist
muscle which moves in a given direction
58
antagonist
muscle which opposes that direction
59
synergists
muscles that cooperate for movement
60
muscles produce _____ force in one _____ direction
mechanical, primary
61
co-contraction
muscles contract at the same time
-can resist movement
can be counterproductive if agonist and antagonist contract together
-can be productive if one muscle stabilizes while the other produces a movement (synergizes)
62
joint rotation
motion
| result of muscles contracting around a joint
63
joint + muscle is simple machine
applied force
fulcrum
lever
applied force - muscle contraction
fulcrum - joint
lever - bone that rotates around joint
64
class 1 lever
applied force at one end, resistive force on other end and fulcrum is in middle
long arm - mechanical advantage
short arm - mechanical disadvantage
-arm extension
65
class 2 lever
fulcrum at one extreme and applied force at other end with resistance in middle
- force arm always longer than resistance arm
- has mechanical advantage
- jaw opening, middle ear bones
66
class 3 lever
fulcrum at one end and resistive force at other end
- always has mechanical disadvantage
-most joints in the body
loses power but gains movement speed
-possible to move quickly with minimal contractions
67
systems of speech encompass
respiratory system, resonance system, phonatory system, articulatory system
68
**speech systems are overlaid on
basic life support systems
respiration and chewing/swallowing
respiration is air exchange for life
69
exhalation of CO2
drives vibration of vocal folds to produce sound or resonance within oral cavity
70
laryngeal systems prevent _____ _____ from entering the lungs
foreign objects
| laryngeal closure allows for vibration of vocal folds
71
mastication
breaks up food and passes it to esophagus
72
actions of lips, tongue and jaw in chewing
have superimposed role for producing the sounds of speech
73
systems largely function _____ and are generally _____
autonomously, incompatible
74
oral cavity
tube extending for oral opening to beginning of throat ( faucial pillars)
- roof is hard palate
- floor is tongue
- sides are teeth
- largely region of speech sound formation
- shape altered by tongue motion, jaw opening and lip shape
75
pharyngeal cavity
throat
- end of oral cavity to upper esophageal sphincter
- tube surrounded on sides and back by muscle
- anterior aspect is epiglottis and laryngeal inlet
- roof is soft palate
- oropharynx
- nasopharynx
- hypopharynx
- shape of tube is altered for different speech sounds
76
nasal cavity
- nostrils open up into large spaces formed where numerous bones of the skull come together
- large multilayered space critical for air exchange, filtering and mucous production
- extends from nostril opening to nasal surface of soft palate
- function in speech is nasal resonance for production of nasal consonants and vowels
- separated from pharynx by soft palate and velum
77
laryngeal cavity
houses the vocal folds and false vocal folds
