respiratory anatomy Flashcards
(72 cards)
1
Q
anatomy must meet these requirements
A
- must be able to alter volume of a chamber linked to atmosphere, to create airflow in and out
- must be able to alter the rate and amount of volume change to meet differing bodily needs
- must have some way for oxygen in the inhaled air to be absorbed into body and C02 expelled
2
Q
lungs are composed of three main tissue componants
A
- alveoli: tissue involved in air exchange
- type I and II
- bronchi: tubes that carry gases to and away from alveoli
- vascular tissue: carrying blood to and from alveoli
3
Q
lungs are composed of
A
lobes and lobules
4
Q
right lung lobes
A
superior, middle, inferior
R upper R middle R lower
5
Q
left lung lobes
A
superior, inferior
6
Q
alveoli
A
- tiny sacs involved in air exchange
- 300 million alveoli in healthy lungs
- each covered in about 2000 capillaries
- capillary walls are thin promoting rapid gas exchange
7
Q
alveoli
A
the branching and tiny alveoli allow large surface area that improves efficiency of gas exchange
8
Q
trachea-bronchial tree
A
- trachea is in wind pipe below larynx
- stretches down neck into chest
- within chest, trachea branches into right and left bronchi
- first division of bronchi - lobar bronchi - enter each lung
- these bronchi then divide into two branches which is repeated over and over again until the smallest divisions are reached
9
Q
branching of bronchi
A
- 14 divisions on left
- 28 divisions on right
- trachea and first 9 divisions have catilage smaller ones dont
- final 7 divisions are respiratory zones
- terminal bronchi are called bronchioles that end in alveolar ducts and lead to alveoli
10
Q
pneumocytes
A
- lung cells
- line alveoli and do work
- type I: membranous - primary job is gas exchange - max surface area to volume ratio
- type II: cubodial - has more mass/volume to produce something - job is to produce surfactant
- surfactant - reduces surface tension dramatically
11
Q
trachea structure
A
- combines stiffness for structure with flexibility for movement and adaptation
- cartilaginois C - rings
12
Q
internal lung structure
A
- trachea
- to bronchi
- to bronchioles
- to alveolar ducts and sacs
- to alveoli
- 70 sq. m surface area
- GOAL maxamize surface area for gas exchange by dividing
13
Q
internal lung structure: filtration
A
- nasal hairs
- goblet cells make mucous to trap pollutants
- cilia - beat more than 1000 times per minute
- lymphatic system = final defense
14
Q
surfactant
A
- secreted by type II pneumocytes
- makes pleural linings adhere
- why spongy tissue of lungs expands when thoracic cavity expands
- allows negative pressure to be maintained
- creates “suction” that allows thorax and lungs to move as unit
15
Q
spine
A
- combo of rigidity and flexibility
- rigid structures support the ribs
- muscles connecting to vertabrae also rigid
- four main sections - 33 total
- cervical (C1-C7)
- thoracic ( T1-T12)
- lumbar (L1-L5)
- sacral (S1-S5)
16
Q
cervical vertebra
A
- transverse foramen conduct vertebral arteries
- the superior and inferior articular facets link vertebra together connecting spine mechanically
- necessary for support
- uppermost vertebra is ATLAS that supports head
- atlas and C2 comminucate
- C3-C7 larger transverse and spinois processes
17
Q
thoracic vertebra
A
- 12 thoracic provide connections for the ribs and costal muscles
- larger spinous and transverse processes
- superior and inferior facts provide attachments for ribs
- rib attachments EXCEPT 1 10 11 12
18
Q
lumbar vertebra
A
- larger structures to support ambulation and lifting
- posterior fibers of the diaphragm attach to lumbar vertebra
19
Q
muscles spanning ____ ____ and ____ can change dimension of lungs
A
- scapula
- clavicle
- thorax
20
Q
ribs
A
defining and protecting a changing volume
- true 1-7
- false 8-10
- floating 11 12
- upper ribs move as unit with sternum
- lower ribs have more freedom
- arthrodial joints with vertebrae
- allow ribs to glide up and down but dont permit movement in any direction
- terminate in cartilage that attaches to sternum
- flexible cartilage allows twisting at front
21
Q
rib cage or thorax is an ________ structure
mobility can
A
interconnected
overall expansion that increase volume and decrease pressure
compress the lungs resulting in decrease in presure
22
Q
sternum
A
- ribs curve around to join sternum in front closing ribcage
- manubrium, corpus and xiphoid process
- clavicle attaches superiorly to manubrium
- 1st rib attaches to lateral edges
- 2nd rib attaches at juncture between manubrium and corpis
- 3-7 attach directly to corpus through cartilage
- 8-10 attach indirectly through chrondal attachments
23
Q
muscles of inspiration
A
- diaphragm
- rib cage elevators
24
Q
diaphragm
A
- contraction pulls tendons downwards and forwards
- enlarges thorax vertically and circumerentially (elevates 6 lower ribs)
- increases pressure on abdominal content
- thick sheet of muscle that forms floor of thorax
- separates abdoman and thorax
- bowl shape, slightly lower on left
- in center is central tendon
- lateral muscles attach all around lower ribcage and circumference
- MAJOR inhalation muscles
25
diaphragm
origins and insertions
* origins
* sternal part: xiphoid process: posterior surface
* costal part: ribs 6-12 and their costal cartilages
* lumbar part: 1. medial and lateral arcuate ligaments 2. vertebrae L1-L3
* insertion
* central tendon
26
diaphragm apertures
aortic aperture
most inferoposteroir opening located at the inferior border of T12 and slightly to the left of the midline
allows passing of descending aorta, thoracic duct, azygos and hemiazygous veins
27
diaphragm apertures
esophageal aperture
oval shaped middle opening of the diaphragm located in the right crus, at level of T10
-muscle fibers surround esophagus in vertical tube
\*\*when diaphragm moves during inspiration, esophagus is contricted preventing reflux of gastric contents
-allows passage of esophagus, esophageal vessels, vagal trunks
28
diaphragm apertures
vena caval aperture
square shaped most superior opening located in the anterior edge of the diaphragm at the level of the intervertebral disc between T8 and T9
- the vena cava adgeres to the opening so as the diaphragm contracts in inspiration the aperture widens, stretching the vena cava to facilitate blood flow
- allows the passage of the inferior vena cava and right phrenic nerve
29
diaphragm structure
high tensile strength
oriented vertically
attached to spine
-mostly muscular
30
torque
* force that leads to turning, rotating or twisting about an axis
* ribs arent horizontal - not pulled straight up and down for respiration
* ribs rotate about points of articulation with the spine and sternum/cartilage
* contraction creates force
* force along rib and force perpendicular to rib
* forces equal in magnitude opposite in direction
* force x distance
* distance is greater on lower ribs to torque greater on lower ribs
* lower rib rotates up
31
mechanical advantage
- a muscle can only make itself shorter or more tense
- but it can produce (or resist) motion in a direction other than along its length by creating torque to produce (or resist) rotation
- tension, and torque resisting tension, are how muscles contribute to stability
32
muscles of inspiration
acting on ribs
* serratus posterior superior
* serratus anterior
* levator costarum longis & brevis
* scalenes anterior, posterior and middle
33
muscles on inspiration
acting on sternum
* sternocleidomastoid
* pectoralis major and minor
* subclavius
* lateral iliocostal cervicis
34
rib cage elevators
* serratus anterior
* serratus posterior superior
* scalenus anterior
* scalenus medius
* scalenus posterior
* sternocleidomastoid
* pectoralis major and minor
35
ribcage depressors
* internal intercostals
* transversus thoracis
* serratus posterior inferior
* lateral iliocostals
* subcostals
* innermost intercostals
* quadratus lumborum
* latissimus dorsi
* lateral iliocostal thoracis
36
muscles of expiration
* must generate positive air pressure
* must reduce thoracic volume by reducing radius or height
* contained by
* spine dorsally
* pelvis caudally
* iliac crest laterally
* nowhere to go but UP against diaphragm
37
muscles of expiration
reducing radius
* innermost intercostals
* subcostals
* transversus thoracis
* serratus posterior inferior
38
abdominal muscles
* rectus abdominus
* pulls lower ribs and sternum downward and compresses abdominal wall
* transversus abdominus
* contraction forces front and side of abdominal wall inward
* external oblique
* pulls lower ribs down and abdomen inward
* internal oblique
* pulls lower ribs down and abdomen inward
39
cervical plexus
C1-C4
40
ansa cervicalis
C1-C3
41
actions of pulmonary-chest wall unit account for
pressure changes during respiration
42
pulmonary apparatus
* lungs
* bronchi
* trachea up to VF
43
chest wall
* encases pulmonary unit
* diaphragm
* rib cage wall
* abdominal wall
* abdominal content
* upper wall is thorax
* lower wall is abdomen
44
diaphragm movements
* origin (lower 6 ribs) and central tendon of diaphragm are moveable
* movements do not displace luung as readily as ribcage
45
diaphragm forces
* diaphragm can exert active inhalation force and passive inhalation forces only
* active force flattens diaphragm expanding volume of pulmonary unit
* when pulmonary unit is compressed diaphragm can recoil footward passively
46
rib cage wall movements
* a relatively flexible structure composed of costosternal joints and costovertebral joints
* in front ribs move up
* on sides ribs rotate up and outward
* rotates around costovertebral joint
* typically move as a unit or with a single degree of freedom
47
rib cage wall forces
* rib cage muscles can exert active inhalation or exhalation forces
* degree and direction resulting from forces applied to rib cage depends on prevailing size
* when rib cage is expanded there is less potential for expansion
* when rib cage is compressed there is less potential for compression
* increasing expansion increases potential for compression
* rib cage muscles can adjust more rapidly and precisely for respiration than other muscle groups
48
diaphragm + rib cage
* contribute passively and actively
* recoils inward at large chest sizes
* recoils outward at small sizes
* all rib cage muscles can inspire or expire at ANY rib cage volume
* upper rib cage muscles and diaphragm inspire
* lower rib cage and abdominal muscles expire
* ability to expire or inspire is related to position of muscle along length-tnesion characteristic
49
movements of abdominal wall and content
* moves as unit
* movements: bulge outward or pushed inward
* bulging outward is PASSIVE
* caused by flattening of diaphragm and contraction of ribcage wall
* inward pushing is active AND passive
* expansion of rib cage and elevation of diaphragm pulls abdomen inward
* contraction of abdominal muscles
50
abdominal wall forces
* pushed outward passively by inspiration
* recoil force developed by stretching
* active forces due to abdominal muscles are a central force developing mechanism for exhalation
* abdominal contents are not compressible so contents maintain a constant volume
51
pulmonary - chest wall unit
* actions of ribcage wall can cause adjustments in diaphragm and abdominal wall
* expanding rib cage can pull on diaphragm and pulls abdominal contents inward
* compression of rib cage flattens diaphragm and causes it to be forced outward
* compression of abdominal contents during exhalation can force lower ribs outward
52
controlled pressures
* pressure can change during respiration
* volitional movements of breathing can manipulate these forces
* alveolar pressure
* pleural pressure
* abdominal pressure
* transdiaphragmatic pressure
53
external intercostals
* origin: inferior surface of ribs 1-11
* insertion: upper surface of rib immediately below
* innervation: intercostal nerves-thoracic intercostal nerves arising from T1-T6 and thoracoabdominal intercostal nerves from T7-T11
* function: elevates ribs 1-11
54
internal intercostals
inhalation
* origin: inferior margin of ribs 1-11
* insertion: superior surface of rib below
* innervation: intercostal nerves- thoracic intercostal nerves arising from T2-T6 and thoracoabdominal intercostal nerves T7-T11
* function: elevates ribs 1-11
55
sternocleidomastoid
* origin: mastoid process of the temporal bone
* insertion: superior manubrium sterni; clavicle
* innervation: XI accessory, spinal branch arising from spinal cord in the regions of C2-C4/C5
* function: elevates sternum and by association rib cage
56
pectoralis minor
* origin: anterior surface of ribs 2-5 near chondral margins
* insertion: coracoid process of scapula
* innervation: superior branch of the brachial plexus
* function: increases transverse dimension of the rib cage
57
pectoralis major
* origin: sternal head; clavicular head; anterior clavicle
* insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
* innervation: superior branch brachial plexus
* function: elevates sternum and subsequently increases transverse dimension of rib cage
58
scalenus anterior
* origin: transverse process of vertebrae C3-C6
* insertion: superior surface of rib 1
* innervation: C4-C6
* function: elevates rib 1
59
scalenus medius
* origin: transverse process of vertebrae C2-C7
* insertion: superior surface of first rib
* innervation: cervical plexus derived from C3 and C4 and spinal nerves C5-C8
* function: elevates rib 1
60
scalenus posterior
* origin: transverse process of C5-C7
* insertion: second rib
* innervation: spinal nerves C5-C8
* function: elevates rib 2
61
subclavius
* origin: inferior surface of the clavicle
* insertion: superior surface of rib 1 at chondral margin
* innervation: brachial plexus, lateral branch, from fifth and sixth spinal nerves
* function: elevates rib 1
62
serratus anterior
* origin: ribs 1-9, lateral surface of the thorax
* insertion: inner vertebral border of scapula
* innervation: brachial plexus, long thoracic nerve from C5-C7
* function: elevates ribs 1-9
63
serratus posterior superior
* origin: spinous processes of C7 and T1-T3
* insertion: just beyond angles of ribs 2-5
* innervation: ventral intercostal portion of spinal nerves T1 - T4/T5
* function: elevates ribs 2-5
64
internal intercostals
depressor
* origin: inferior margin of ribs 1-11
* insertion: superior surface of ribs below
* innervation: intercostal nerves arising from T2-T6 and thoracoabdominal intercostal nerves from T7-T11
* function: depresses ribs 1-11
65
innermost intercostal
* origin: superior margin of ribs 1-11
* insertion: superior surface of rib below
* innervation: intercostal nerves-thoracic nerves arising from T2-T6 and thoracoabdominal intercostal nerves T7-T11
* function: depresses ribs 1-11
66
quadratus lumborum
* origin: Iliac crest
* insertion: transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae and inferior border of rib 12
* innervation: thoracic nerve T12 and L1-L4 lumbar nerves
* function: bilateral contraction fixes the abdominal wall in support of abdominal compression
67
latissimus dorsi
* origin: lumbar, sacral and lower thoracic vertebrae
* insertion: humerus
* innervation: brachial plexus, posterior branch; fibers from the regions of C6-C8 form the long subscapular nerve
* function: for respiration, stabilizes posterior abdominal wall for expiration
68
transversus abdominis
* origin: posterior abdominal wall at the vertebral column via the thoracolumbar fascia of the abdominal aponeurosis
* insertion: inner surface of ribs 6-12, fibers of diaphragm, inferior attachment at pubis
* innervation: thoracic and lumbar nerves from lower spinal intercostal nerves and first lumbar nerves, iliohypogastric and ilioinguinl branches
* function: compresses abdomen
69
rectus abdominis
* origin: originates as 4 or 5 segments at pubis inferiorly
* insertion: xiphoid process of sternim and cartilage of ribs 5-7, lower ribs
* innervation: T7-T11 intercostal nerves, subcostal nerve from T12
* function: flexion of vertebral column
70
rectus abdominis
* origin: originates as 4 or 5 segments at pubis inferiorly
* insertion: xiphoid process of sternum and cartilage of ribs 5-7, lower ribs
* innervation: T7-T11 intercostal nerves, subcostal nerve from T12
* function: flexion of vertebral column
71
external oblique abdominis
* origin: osseous portion of the lower 7 ribs
* insertion: Iliac crest, inguinal ligament and abdominal aponeurosis lateral to rectus abdominis
* innervation: thoracoabdominal nerve arising from T7-T11 and subcostal nerve from T12
* function: bilateral contraction flexes vertebral column and compresses abdomen, unilateral contraction results in trunk rotation
72
internal oblique abdominis
* origin: inguinal ligament and iliac crest
* insertion: cartilaginous portion of lower ribs and portion of the abdominal aponeurosis lateral to rectus abdominis
* innervation: thoracic and lumbar nerves from lower spinal intercostal nerves and first lumber nerves, iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal branches
* function: rotates trunk, flexes trunk, compresses abdomen
