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ROME GCSE (OCR) > Origins of the Republic, 509-494 BC > Flashcards

Origins of the Republic, 509-494 BC Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two orders

A

Patricians - those whose brith and heritage gave them access to the political system
Plebeians - those who could not stand for a magistracy of goverment position

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2
Q

By when were the two orders well established

A

3rd century BC

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3
Q

Who introduced the orders according to the foundation myth

A

Romulus

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4
Q

Plebeians

A

Most common
Made up most of the army
Evidence points to the plebeians being organised into a large hoplite force
Some wealthier plebs may have been part of the eques class. They were given a state horse and fought alongside the cavalry

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5
Q

Rural plebeians

A

Labourers or farmers
(Livy and Dionysius): Biggest issue for them was access to land – may have been true for time of writers, but not 5th century

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6
Q

Urban Plebeians

A

Skilled workers with their shops attached to their homes
Evidence found in archaeology

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7
Q

Patricians

A

Livy and Dionysius: descended from the noblest families who settled in Romulus’ Rome
100 of the earliest patricians made up the Senate
During time of Kings, membership is fluid
Not sure how, but, some plebs became patricians
Provided the generals and administrators

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8
Q

Magistrate

A

an elected office-holder who had responsibility in the Roman state

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9
Q

dictator

A
  • magistrate
  • appointed for 6 months to deal with a national emergency or crisis
  • in full control of the army and the government during term
  • replace consuls
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10
Q

praetor

A
  • Roman magistrate who supported the consuls
  • usually an army commmander
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11
Q

consul

A
  • one of two annually elected magistrates
  • shared leadership of Rome and influenced political decisions
  • Replaced kings
  • protected Rome or seeked glory
  • not elected in successive years
  • if one disagreed with the other he could block the other’s decision
  • performed auspices before battle
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12
Q

Why might the patrician class have been closed

A

When the Republic developed the patricaians, wanting to protect their power, closed it so that fewer people could become magistrates

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13
Q

Tarquinius Collatinus

A

Cousin of Tarquinius Superbus’ sons
Husband of Lucrieta
First co-consul of Brutus

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14
Q

What does Livy’s story of the downfall of the Roman kings start with

A

A drinking game

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15
Q

Where was the drinking game that begun the fall of the kings

A

The siege of Ardea

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16
Q

What were the royal wives doing when their husbands returned to spy on them
What was Lucrieta doing

A

The royal wives were drinking heavily
Lucrieta was working hard with her maids

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17
Q

Lucretia

A

Wife of Tarquinius Collatius

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18
Q

Father of Lucrieta

A

Spurius Lucretius

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19
Q

What did Lucrieta do before killing herself

A

Made her huband, father, and their companions vow revenge

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20
Q

Why did Lucretia submit to Sextus

A

To save her husband’s career

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21
Q

What did Brutus do after Lucretia’s death

A

Swore revenge, and that he would remove Tarquinius Superbus and his family from power

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22
Q

Tullia

A

Wife of Tarquinius Superbus

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23
Q

Junius Brutus

A

One of Tarquinius Priscus’ grandsons
Superbus’ Nephew
Played a fool so as to avoid his uncle’s wrath

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24
Q

What happened to Junius Brutus’ brother

A

Murdered by Tarquinius Superbus

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25
Q

What did the Oracle at Delphi tell Brutus and Superbus’ sons

A

That the first to kiss his mother would be the next king

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26
Q

What did Brutus translate the Oracle of Delphi’s message as

A

That the first to kiss the earth would be the next king

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27
Q

Why does Livy claim Brutus played the fool

A

he was very amitious

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28
Q

What position did Brutus hold at the time of Lucretia’s death
What did this grant him

A

Tribune of the celeres
Gave him control of the king’s bodyguard and the power to call an assembly

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29
Q

What does Brutus do after the death of Lucretia

A

Calls an assembly
Delivers a revolutionary speech
Outlines the crimes of Superbus and demands his immediate exile

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30
Q

What is the reaction to Brutus’ revolutionary speech

A

The people agree

31
Q

What happened when Lucius Tarquinius Superbus returned to Rome after Brutus had called the assembly

A

He was refused entry to Rome
Superbus and most his family went into exile

32
Q

Where did Sextus go when Superbus was exiled

A

Gabii

33
Q

What do soil samples from the 6th century show

A

That Rome experienced destruction
could be from invasoin, fire, or revolution

34
Q

Who were the first two consuls of the Roman Republic

A

Junius Brutus
Tarquinius Collatius

35
Q

Why did Collatius step down from consulship
Who replaced him

A

Collatius realised that for the republic to succeed all of the Tarquin family should leave
He was replaced by Publius Valerius Publicola

36
Q

What did the Senate do when Superbus demanded the return of his property

A

They agreed, rejecting Brutus’ request that they should deny it

37
Q

Why did Brutus want to sieze Superbus’ land

A

as compensation for his tyrannical actions

38
Q

What was the Tarquin conspiracy

A

Superbus’ family asked leading partricians to join a conspiracy to murder Brutus
Publius Valerius discovered the plot
Brutus’ sons were involved in the plot
Brutus ordered the execution of all the conspirators

39
Q

What did the Senate do when they heard of the conspiracy to murder Brutus

A

Changed their mind, and siezed Superbus’ land

40
Q

Lictor

A

attendants that protected the magistrates
Each lictor carried fasces to show the power of the magistrate

41
Q

Censor

A
  • elected from assembly
  • elected for five years
  • responsible for administratoin of Rome
  • performed the census, drew up who could attend the Senate, and decided contracts for public work
  • csensus also decided which class every citizen belonged to
  • maintained public morals and organised state building projects
  • not given lictors
42
Q

Master of the Horse

A

Dictator’s deputy
* held dictator to account
* made sure they did not abuse their powers

43
Q

Senator

A
  • had to be a landowner
  • usually came from the most powerful families
  • gave advice to consuls and kings
  • controlled the treasury
  • important role in development of the city, and its relationships with its neighbours
  • probably seen as a council of elders by most people
44
Q

The Latin League

A

a collection of Latin cities which co-operated to maintain peace and encourage trade
Tarquinius Superbus was most powerful member until his exile

45
Q

Battle of Silvia Arsia

A

509 or 508 BC
Valerius commanded the army
Brutus commanded the cavalry
Superbus and his son Arruns commanded the Etruscan forces
Arruns searched the battle for lictors
When he found them, surrounding Brutus. he turned his horse to strike. They killed each other
Valerius drove the enemy back, but suffered heavy losses

46
Q

Year of the Battle of Silvia Arsia

A

508 or 509 BC

47
Q

Who killed Junius Brutus

A

Arruns, son of Tarquinius Superbus

48
Q

Immediate aftermath of the Battle of Silvia Arsia

A

Valerius arranges state funeral for Brutus but does not immeidiatly seek a replacement consul

49
Q

Who were the allies of Superbus in the Battle of Silvia Arsia

A
  • Veii – he promised them revenge on the Roman amry
  • Tarquinii – long supporters of the familly, they volunteered
50
Q

Who was chosen as Valerius’ co consul after Brutus’ death

A

Marcus Horatius

51
Q

What laws did Valerius introduce

A
  • Anumber of laws to guarantee fair prices for plebeians
  • Gave the plebs a right to appeal against magistrates who unfairly prosecuted them
52
Q

What was Valerius’ nickname

A

Publicola
‘Friend of the People’

53
Q

What happened when Valerius was elected consul again

A
  • he strengthened Rome’s walls
  • rebuilt Rome’s legions
  • made sure, along with his co consul, that the pleb’s animals were moved into the mountains to keep them safe during the war
  • a law was passed to make sure the plebs didn’t have to contribute to the first year of the next war
54
Q

Lars Porsena

A

King of Clusium
On Tarquinius’ request, demanded Rome return Superbus’ posessions.
Rome refused, and so war was declared

55
Q

What did Lars Porsena’s army take

A

The Janiculum

56
Q

Horatius Cocles

A

Distant relative of the surviving Roman triplet
volunteered alongside two others to defend the bridge into Rome from Lars Porsena’s men and allow the Romans to retreat

57
Q

Fate of Horatius Cocles

A

Defended the bridge until the others had retreated and destroyed the bridge
Livy: jumped in the rive, got a spear in the buttocks
Polybius: drowned in the river

58
Q

What happened after Horatius Cocles’s last stand

A

The plebeians fled the city to support Superbus
The consuls appealed to the Latin League, but it would not help

59
Q

Gaius Mucius Scaevola

A

approached the senate and presented them with a plan to assassinate Porsena
had a good knowledge of Etruscan customs

60
Q

What happened to Marcius Scaevola’s assassination attempt

A

He killed the king’s secretary
Arrested
Told Porsena that he was the first of 300 men who would try to kill him
Porsena offered Rome a comprimise

61
Q

Terms of Lars Porsena’s withdrawl from Rome

A

He would end the war if Veii was guaranteed independence and hostages were provided to Clusium

62
Q

Cloelia

A

Hostage sent to Clusium
Escaped captivity by swimming the Tiber under heavy enemy fire
Porsena allowed her and a select number of other hostages their freedom
Her decision to rescue children earned her a statue on the Sacred Way

63
Q

What happened with the treaty with Lars Porsena

A

It was kept andRome regained control over its neighbours, including the Sabines

64
Q

First Dictator of Rome

A

Larcius

65
Q

Larcius

Why was the first dictator appointed

A

Constant war had an impact on the plebs and it was creating a crisis

66
Q

Larcius’ updated census

A

made sure military levies were fair

67
Q

Aulus Postumius

A

Second dictator of Rome, 496 BC

68
Q

What was Aulus Postumius asked to deal with

A

a threat from the Latin League

69
Q

Battle of Lake Regilius year

A

496 BC

70
Q

Battle of Lake Regilius

A

Last battle of the Wars of Independance
Superbus and his son destroyed much of the Roman army
Postumius and his bodyguard bolstered the army and captured the Latin camp
Superbus and his son were injured

71
Q

How old was Superbus at the Battle of Lake Regilius

A

Over Ninety
He founght like a much younger man

72
Q

Consequences of the Battle of Lake Regilius

A

Rome re-joined the Latin League and signed a peace treaty with them
Ended the threat from the Etruscan Kings

73
Q

What were the Wars of Independance used for in the narrative

A

to explain the origins of the Conflict of the Orders

ROME GCSE (OCR) (8 decks)

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