The Nature and Dynamics of Hannibal's Leadership Flashcards

Question

What did the Romans do after hearing the fate of Saguntum?

Answer 1

Immediately chose envoys and sent them to Carthage, telling them to hand Hannibal and his advisors over or war would be declared The Carthagians declared Rome was the aggressor as it had seized Sicily and the Treaty of Ebro was between Rome and Hasdrubal, not Carthage

Answer 2

Created six legions to travel to Iberia, Afria, and Sicily Publius Cornelius Scipio was sent to attack Iberia. Tiberius Sempronius LLongus was sent to attack Carthage and Sicily

Answer 3

He says that Hannibal attacked Saguntum to seek revenge for the Romans capturing Sicily

Answer 4

To make the reader accept Hannibal's guilt in starting the war

Answer 5

* The bitterly resented their defeat in Sicily * They were further provoked by the affair in Sardinia * They didn't like the size of the increased indemnity which they had finally been compelled to agree to pay * They had subdued the greater part of Spain * They were ready to sieze any opportunity that presented themselves for revenge againt Rome

Answer 6

The chief Roman envoy pointed to his pocket and told the Carthaginian Council that in it he had both war and peace, and said he would leave them with whichver of the two they ordered him to leave with. The lead Carthaginian ordered the Roman to decide. The Roman chose war. They then parted on the terms.

Answer 7

They immediately shouted that they accepted it

Answer 8

Readied himself for his march on Rome

Answer 9

New Carthage

Answer 10

Spent early months of 218 in New Carthage Sent his Iberian soldiers home and passed control to his brother, Hasdrubal Barca In the spring, Iberian soldiers were sent to Iberia to garrision the newly conquered cities there, so as to protect himself from revolution

Answer 11

He was told how to organise the administration and the control of Spain. Also what measures to take against the Romans while he was away.

Answer 12

He transported soldiers from Spain to Africa and from Africa to Spain, in order to secure the loyalty of both groups towards each other by such an arrangement.

Answer 13

He argues that he found a bronze tablet in Cape Lacinium set up by Hannibal, which included a detailed list of where soldiers were sent during the Second Punic War

Answer 14

He sent spies and messengers

Answer 15

Messengers from the Celts

Answer 16

* The number of people * The people's bravery in war * The people's hatred for the Romans

Answer 17

Scouting the route for suitable battlefields, should the Romans attack

Answer 18

The Boii, led by Magilius, who had sucured the support of his warriors to march on Rome

Answer 19

They were less successful

Answer 20

They had no intention of betraying Carthage

Answer 21

To the Spanish people the ruins of Saguntum area fierce warning ... no-one should trust the honour of the Romans

Answer 22

Attacked Fourth Legion Cornelius Scipio sends a large section of the army with his deputy, then asks the Senate for a new legion The setbacks gave Carthage an advantage. Hannibal (according to Livy after a dream) set off over the Ebro, making his way north despite some fierce resistance from Iberian cities north of the Ebro.

Answer 23

90,000 infantry, 12,000 cavalry

Answer 24

Trouble free Left 10,000 men to control northern Iberia and, if necessary, to provide reinforcments, reducing his army to 80,000 The tribes had been paid off, and most remained neutral

Answer 25

Cornelius Scipio arrived in Massilia, surprised to hear that hannibal had reached the Rhone, searched for a battlefield Polybius Hannibal bought all the boats around and tied them together to create rafts for his elephants Livy The elephants swam As the Carthagians were finishing up, the Volcae set up camp across the river Hanno took a small band and crossed the Rhone elsewhere. Hannibal filled his cannoes with light infantry and cavalry. The Volsae made their way to the river's edge Hanno sent a smoke signal, and the boats raced across the water. The Volscae raced them to the water's edge. Hanno took the camp and attacked the Volscae from behind, trapping them. The Volscae fled

Answer 26

Rome had control of the Mediterranean More dangerous transporting an army by sea in the autumn than using the Alps Bots had to sail close the coast, and weather conditions would risk the entire army Hannibal would invade Rome and cut off her allies Hoped to create a supply line from Iberia over the Alps Hoped to convince the Celts in Italy to fight with him Revolt would make it easier for him to force Rome to accept a peace treaty giving control of the Mediterranean to Carthage

Answer 27

Before crossing the Alps, Hannibal introduced his troops to Megilus who encouraged him to concentrate upon invading Italy. He would guide them through the Alps Polybius says that after the Celts had said what they would Hannibal begged his troops to obey him and reminded them they always won under his command, and that they had crossed the Rhone and had willing allies

Answer 28

Perhaps had information from Carthagian forces Some historians believe he read about the crossing from Sosylus of Lacedaemon, who was said to have travlled with Hannibal and wrote the lost book *The Deeds of Hannibal* He could have interviewed Numidians who fought for Hannibal Some doubt the authenticity of those interviewed, as tey could exaggerate their stories

Answer 29

The Island, a fertile area, was Hannibal's first stop in the Alps. Helped Brancus against his brother for tribal leadership, then received guides and supplies from Brancus Hannibal began his ascent Allobrogian tribesmen positioned their troops along the pass Hannibal's army would have to climb Hannibal was informed that the Allobrogian soldiers only guarded it in the day. Hannibal camped atthe base of the pass, and at night led a small force to take the Barbarian positions at the end of the pass. Began to cautiosly move his pack animals toward the exit. The Allobrogians returned and attacked upon seeing the struggling pack animals, causing panic Hannibal moved to the front of the pass, took control of his troops, and attacked from the high ground. He drove them back to their town and sacked it, taking their provisions and scaring the other tribes into avoiding conflict.

Answer 30

Livy and Polybius agree on the general course of events The tribe claimed loyalty, offering gifts and hostages, Hannibal cautiously accepted, letting them guide his army for the next stage. He placed his pack animals at the front again and his heavy infantry to the rear, saving him from a massacre The barbarians were a few miles ahead above a pass. They threw boulders onto animals, as well as close quarters from front and rear. losses were not as bad as they could have been as the army had been weary of their guides Hannibal retreated to higher ground with most of his army The following day the barbarians retreated, taking most of Hannibal's supplies and Hannibal rejoined his cavalry and continued on

Answer 31

Polybius and Livy mostly agree Tribes attacked occasionally but not often Ninth day Hannibal camped at the top of the Alps to allow the survivors to catch up, some of the pack animals reached them on their own On the eleventh day, with morale almost gone, he brought his army together and showed them Italy in the distance, telling them they had allies there and it would be a gentle stroll down. The descent was treacherous, many fell to their deaths, and a landslide blocked the path. Hannibal tried a detour, but it was impossible due to the ice. He made camp and ordered his men to rebuild the path and create a track According to Livy, the landslide merey blocked the path and Hannibal cleared it with wine and fire Polybius claims that the column at Lacinium told him that after crossing he had 6,000 cavalry and 20,000 infantry and thirty seven elephants. The last fifteen days of his five month journey had been the worst

Answer 32

The alps cost Hannibal between 18,000 and 36,000 soldiers and many horses This caused dejection Hannibal had to interfere several times Polybius Before mobilising for war with Cornelius Scipio, he rested a for a few days The Taurini tribe had not allied with him, so he attacked and killed anyone who refused to surrender Caused fear among the other tribes and encouraged them to support Hannibal, it also raised the spirits of Hannibal's army

Answer 33

Cornelius Scipio and Hannibal were psotioned near Ticinus, a tributary of the river Po Both armies were exhausted, the Romans had sailed from Gaul and marched from Rome The Carthagians had come from Iberia and crossed the Alps, but were supported by fresh Celtic troops

Answer 34

* November 218 BC * Inconclusive * Large raiding parties sent to spy on each other * Both generals judged their meeting to be an excellent opportunity to gain and advantage and engaged * Hannibal's cavalry were evenly matched wtih Rome's horse and velites * Hannibal promised tax-free land, citizenship to his allies, and freedom to the slaves that fought for him * Polybius tells us Hannibal's flexibility and leadership gave him the advantage * Cornelius Scipio sends his troops in at a slow advance, Hannibal closes the gap, and the velites are left unable to throw their javelins, they flee, causing confusion among the Roman army * The Romans regroup when their cavalry draw the Numidians away, but the Numidians outflank the Roman cavalry and the Romans dismount to escape the trap. * Cornelius Scipio is injured and the future Scipio Africanus saves his father * Cornelius orders his men to retreat beyond the Po

Answer 35

Gauls were encouraged by Hannibal, and those who had fought for Scipio killed 2,200 Roman soldiers as they slept, cutting off their heads. They then marched to Hannibal's campe and asked to join him. Hannibal, not trusting traitors, decided to send them around northern Italy looking for other allies for him

Answer 36

Scipio waits for Sempronius to bring reinforcements. On their way, Sempronius' troops surprise a small detechment of Hannibal's cavalry Scipio wanted to wait, Polybius says he believed the Carthagians would lose the Celts over the winter The Roman troops were not battle hardened and Rome did not need a fight, Hannibal did Sempronius, wanted a victory for personal gain, as his consul ship was nearly out Confident after defeating the small force, Sempronius prepared to fight. Hannibal saw the opportunity Livy describes his preparation Hannibal found a suitable spot to hide a portion of his army He told Mago to get him 100 infantry and 100 cavalry, then told each intantry and cavalryman to find nine more as tough as themselves Under nightfall they were to hide from the Roman army so they could attack from behind

Answer 37

Hannibal's Numidian cavalry use missiles on the guardposts of Sempronius, and then retreat once they were sure the Romans would follow. Hannibal ordered this to happen before the Romans breakfasted Sempronius followed. The Roman army froze in the river, and tired due to lack of food Hannibal had ordered his ment to eat well and cover themselves in oil. Hannibal's army had also grown. He now had tem tjpisamd jprse amd tjortu sevem elephants flanking his 28,000 footsoldiers Livy gives a dramatic battle, Polybius goes through the strategic maneouvers As soon as the Roman army reached Hannibal's front line, the Numidians turn round and attack. Sempronius suffers significant losses and retreats Hannibal's cavalry and elephants attack the Roman cavalry, and the horses flee Hannibal brings in Mago, allowing the Roman infantry to push his infantry back, allowing the Romans to pass Mago's position, and Mago attacks Hannibal's Carthagians stop retreating The exhausted Roman army is surrounded and break formation and flee into the river. Hannibal orders a massacre. Sempronius' 10,000 principes escape by punching through the centre and escaping to Piacenza. Rome's allies and velites are massacred

Answer 38

Hannibal had won using psycological warfare and he won the support of the Gauls Hannibal increased pressure on Rome's allies All captured Gauls were freed. He reminded them that he was only interested in conquering Rome and if they joined him they would be fighting for their freedom.

Answer 39

Winter stopped Hannibal taking advnatage of Trebia The Roman commanders set up in two nearby cities. The winter in the country killed all but one elephant Rome created four new legions, and two new consuls: Gaius Flaminius and Gnaeus Servilius. They reogranised the defences and created a large fleet to keep control of the sea Servillius replaced Scipio and Flaminius used what remained of Sempronius' army to protect Rome Hannibal's spies kept him up to date, and he learned Flaminius was a weak general, but he was popular, with great speeches about how he would swiftly bring victory

Answer 40

As the main routes are defended, Hannibal marches through marshland to surprise Flaminius Polybius describes the problems with dealing with his celtic allies and crossing the marshes They marched for four days and three nights non stop, and many Celts died. Hannibal, riding his last elephant, lost an eye from infection. He arrived a few miles from Flaminius' camp at Arretium, having cut the consul off from Rome and given him the advantage of surprise. Servillius was some way away Hannibal could march on Rome

Answer 41

Hannibal marched his army in front of Flaminius's camp, and burned the countryside between the camps. Flaminius lost his temper, refusing to listen to his officers, and gave a rousing speech (which Polybius says made the camp followers outnumber the soldiers), before setting off. Flaminius feared what people would say about him, and so would not paitently wait for Servilius to join him.

Answer 42

Hills on one side, lake on the other, with a steep hill at the end Set up a false camp Some infantry positined there to make it look like he had taken a wrong turn Cavalry hidden beyond the entrance to the pass. Behind them he placed the rest of his troops to trap the Romans against the lake.

Answer 43

Fogg day Roman army marched into the pass, and as it passed the Numidian cavalry, the Carthagians attacked from all sides Flaminius was killed by a group of Celts Many Roman soldiers ran into the lake, making it easier for the cavalry to kill them. Over 15,000 Romans died Six thousand fought their way to the Carthagian camp, but there was nothing there, so they reached higher ground and turned round, realising the battle was lost, and marched on. Maharbal and his cavlary rounded them up, and they wer e sold as slaves. hannibal lost 2,500 men, mostly Celts The defeat caused panic in Rome, and a dictator was appointed

Answer 44

Dictator appointed after Trasimene, adopted the Fabian strategy to frustrate Hannibal by never engaging in battle

Answer 45

216BC Rome had 40,000 infantry and 2,400 horsemen, plus many allies Hannibal had arrouned 35,000 men and 10,000 horsemen Fabius had restricted Hannibal's reaids and left Hannibal with low supplies While the legions were assembling Hannibal siezed the supply depot of Cannae, giving him the advantage to feed his men and control the surrounding area

Answer 46

Livy mentions that Varro won a victory against a small group of Carthagians This gave him confidence, and like Sempronius, pushed for action. Polybies tells us the consuls set up camp on the Aufidus river, six miles from Hannibal Paullus was cautious for action and Varro wanted it, but despite Hannibal drawing up his lines, the Romans did not move as Paullus was in command that day – even when the Numidians rode up to the Roman camp The next day Varro crossed the river and prepared for battle. Hannibal lines up his infantry in small units with slingers behind. He placed himself at the front to manage his army Behind him in the centre he placed his Iberian Celtic troops. On the two wings he placed his experienced African infantry. Finally, he positioned his cavalry on each side of his army.

Answer 47

Cavalry crucial Afte a close quarter head on cavalry battle, the Romans retreated and the infantry began Hannibal knew the Roman infantry were stronger than his He let his infantry retreat in a concave formation, slowly drawing the Romans into a trap. The African infantry on the sides did not retreat and attacked the now exposed Roman flanks, slaughtering many. 500 Numidian cavalry pretended to desert and were sent to the back of the Roman army. From their they drew hidden swords and attacked the Romans from behind As the Numidians were not fighting well, Hannibal sent them to hunt down the retreating Romans. According to Livy, 20,000 Romans and 20,000 allies died, including Paullus, Sempronius, and Servilius. Polybius suggests 70,000 Romans died, but historians prefer Livy, who probably based it off Fabius Pictor's figures, a veteran from the war with Hannibal

Answer 48

Hannibal had defeated 16 legions, and 80,00 Roman allies Rome had lost 1/5 of its male population Capua and other southern cities joined Hannibal, and Syracuse declared war on Rome. Livy says Cannae was his biggest mistake Marharbal tried to convince him to march on Rome, but Hannibal found it too optamistic and decided to wait to think on it. That day's delay, according to Rome, cost Hannibal the war Hannibal stuck to his strategy: Defeat the legions Encourage Italian cities to side with him Enforce a victory peace on Rome Livy tells us after Cannae Rome showed no sign of wanting to negotiate. Carthalo, a Carthagian ambassador, led a delegation to Rome demanding a truce. The Senate refused and ordered mobilisation of all men to prepare for war in defence of Rome

Answer 49

Strategy to isolate Rome and win over allies in Southern Italy, slowly removing Rome's army and wealth After Cannae, Hannibal had a successful policy. Sicily revolted, Philip V of Macedon and Hannibal signed an alliance in215, leading to the First Macedonian War Alliance of Greek city states in southern Italy, including Arpi, Herdonia, Capua, and Tarentum in 212 Capua was the second largest city in Italy, the people wanted to replace Rome, and it gave access to rfresh troops and a harbour Independant Gaul in northern Italy

Answer 50

Great success, 215-212, but frustrated due to Rome's defencive strategy Marcus Claudius Marcellus prevented Hannibal taking Nola Hanno the Elder brought a Carthagian army into southern army, but it was destroyed by 212

Answer 51

Tarentum was his ally, Rome abandoned the siege of Capua, enabling new Numidian cavalry to joing Hannibal, and Hannibal massacred the Romans at Silarus and Herdonia

Answer 52

After 212 he suffered set backs. Livy's account of his siege of Rome in 211 suggests his confidence was waning, extreme weather prevented him attacking the walls, and he thought the gods were against him. Attacking Rome led to unrest in his army (Livy) Hanno the Elder, leading Capua's defence, tried to ask Hannibal to abandon Rome And the proconsuls proclaimed no one who switched sides after a certain date would be harmed. The Numidian Heralds, who agreed to take the message were captured by Rome and tortured. Capua fell Hannibal had failed to convicne the Romans to abandon Capua by attacking Rome, and he had lost a powerful ally. 209, Marcellus Fabius seized Tarentum. Hannibal lost an important ally. He hoped his brother Hasdrubal would provide reinforcements by coming through the Alps, but he was killed in battle and his head thrown into Hannibal's camp Mago was defeated in Iberia and tried to reinforce, but was trapped in the north. Both were recalled to Carthage when Scipio Africanus took Iberia.

Answer 53

Spring 217 Rome had taken control of the Iberian seas: Hasdrubal Barca planned a secret naval attack up Rome's base north of the Ebro, but the Roman navy was ready and destroyed his navy. His defeat encouraged Iberian cities to join Rome Hasdrubal was dragged into an Iberian War. Dictator Fabius Maximus sent Publius Cornelius Scipio to support the Rebels and reinforce Rome Hasdrubal's new armies did not want to fight Victory for over Rome would involve marching into Iberi. Rome gained more allies in Iberia than Hannibal in Italy, and Hannibal was dependant on allies 216BC, Hasdrubal defeated at the Battle of the RIver Ebro. Carthage's Senate panicked as it relied on Iberia's silver mines. Mago was sent to defend the mines, rather than reinforce Hannibal. Carthage never recaptured Iberia Africanus was sent in 210 BC, and he captured New Carthage and drove Carthage's forces out of Iberia by 205 BC.

The Nature and Dynamics of Hannibal's Leadership Flashcards

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