Reasons for the Outbreak of the Second Punic War

Question 1

Carthage

Answer 1

One of most heavily fortified cities in the ancient world
Two harbours
North coast of Africa
Controlled large portion of the western mediterranean, inc. Sardinia, Corsica, Sicily

Question 2

Two harbours of Carthage

Answer 2

Both heavily defended
One for trade
One for military – deterred invaders, made merchants feel safe

Question 3

Rome, by 264 BC

Answer 3

Unified Italy under its control
Senate wanted to expand its trade into the Mediterranean
Paid, like most traders, for harbour dues to Carthage

Question 4

What did the agreement signed in 348 say

Answer 4

That Rome had to pay harbour dues to Carthage

Question 5

What lead to the First Punic War

Answer 5

Carthage defeated in Sicily
Rome saw opportunity to take control
Rome invaded Sicily, leading to First Punic War

Question 6

What did harbour dues do

Answer 6

Helped maintain Carthage’s dominance over the Mediteranean

Question 7

First Punic War

Answer 7

264 to 241
Rome’s fleet destroyed the Carthagian navy in the Battle of the Agates Islands

Question 8

Treaty of Lutatius

Polybius’s terms

Answer 8

Agreed in 241 by Roman consul Gaius Lutatius Catulus and Gesco, deputy of Hamilcar Barca
Polybius
Carthage to
* Leave Sicily
* Hand over all POWs
* Pay 3,200 talents of silver over 20 years

In return
* Carthage keeps other overseas territories, inc. Sardinia and Corsica

Question 9

Gaius Lutatius Catulus

Answer 9

Agreed to the Treaty of Lutatius

Question 10

Gesco

Answer 10

Deputy of Hamilcar Barca, sent instead of the general as he refused to comprimise

Question 11

Hamilcar barca

Answer 11

Carthagian General
Father of Hannibal
Huge influence on his son
Commanded Carthagian forces in the First Punic War, and started the conquest of Spain
Died in battle during the campaigns in Spain

Question 12

Hamilcar Barca dates

Answer 12

c. 275-228

Question 13

Truceless War

Answer 13

Revolt of Carthagian mercenaries in Africa, took 3 years to subdue

Question 14

Why did the Truceless War start

Answer 14

Hanno the Great, a Carthagian politician, refused to pay the mercenaries after the loss of the First Punic War
Mercenaries decided to take control of African cities as revenge

Question 15

Who ended the Truceless War

Answer 15

Hamilcar Barca

Question 16

What did Rome do during the Truceless War

Answer 16

Took Sardinia and Corsica, taking advantage of Carthage’s problems

Question 17

Result of Rome annexing Corsica and Sardinia

Answer 17

Hamilcar Barca and many other leaders saw this as an act of war, and argued Rome had broken the Treaty of Lutatius, because they had invaded Carthagian territory
Carthage was in no position to declare war on Rome or demand compensation
Polybius sees this as what lead to the Second Punic War

Question 18

Barcids

Answer 18

Powerful Carthagian family
Nicknamed Barca, meaning thunderbolt, due to Hamilcar’s success in the First Punic War

Question 19

Hamilcar Barca in the First Punic War

Answer 19

Sent to Sicily with no army, regrouped the Carthagian mercenaries and began to force Roman army off the island
Cathage’s defeat at the Aegates Islands in 241 cut off his supplies, and he was ordered to negotiate a truce with Rome
Refused, and sent his duputy, Gesco instead

Question 20

According to Polybius what was one of the most significant factors in the starting of the Second Punic War?

Answer 20

The Treaty of Lutatius

Question 21

Where did Hamilcar create a new Carthagian colony?

Answer 21

Iberia (modern Spain)

Question 21

What did Hannibal promise to his father?

Answer 21

That he would destroy Rome.

Question 22

How did Hamilcar die?

Answer 22

Possibly from drowning.

Question 23

What were Hannibal’s dates?

Answer 23

247 BC - 183/181 BC

Question 24

Hannibal

Answer 24

* Carthagian General * Considered one the the best militery leaders * Led Carthagian army against Rome

Question 25

Hasdrubal the Fair

Answer 25

* Carthagian General * Succed Hamilcar in leading Spanish Campains

Question 26

Sources on Hannibal

Answer 26

Polybius and Livy

Question 27

Polybius

Answer 27

Lived through latter part of Punic Wars Travelled extensively throughout Roman World Believed good historians had travelled Supported by Publis Scipio, son of Aemilius Paullus Joined Sciopio Aemilianus in Spain, where he met Masinissa and other eye-witnesses Favours aristocratic families and uses Hannibal's invasion as a cautionary tale to his countrymen, the Greeks

Question 28

Why could Hamiclar Barca not have revenge after the First Punic War

Answer 28

His hands were tied with the Truceless War

Question 29

Carthagian war party

Answer 29

Polybius Hamilcar Barca's political supporters who wanted to reveive Carthage's fortunes

Question 30

Hamilcar Barca's opponents

Answer 30

Not concerned with loss overseas Made fortunes from expanding into Africa

Question 31

Did Carthage probably control most of Iberia before the Punic Wars

Answer 31

Yes

Question 32

Why did Hamilcar Barca take a mercenary army to Iberia | Polybius

Answer 32

To strengthen Iberia and ready it for war

Question 33

Hamilcar in Iberia

Answer 33

* Probably more interested in empire building than revenge * Established a military base on the site of the Phoenician colony of Gades, allowing him to expand into mainland Iberia * Seized silver mines of Andalusia to fund his military * established foundations of an empire that would provide Hannibal the means to attack Italy

Question 34

Who was the main cause of the Second Punic War according to Fabius Pictor

Answer 34

Hasdrubal the Fair

Question 35

Hasdrubal the Fair, according to Fabius Pictor

Answer 35

Gained power in Spain Tried to establish a tyranny in Carthage, failled and travelled to Spain, where he created an empire Taught Hannibal to hate the Romans

Question 36

Hasdrubal the Fair and Hamilcar Barca

Answer 36

Hasdrubal followed Hamilcar to Spain, and helped him to expand his territores after the silver mines had been taken Took over after Hamilcar's death

Question 37

Silver mines of Andulusia

Answer 37

Used to mint coins almost immediately for the mercenary armies of Hamilcar and Hasdrubal, and the allies they made

Question 38

Hasdrubal the Fair in Spain

Answer 38

Had an army of 50,000 Wanted to make sure Carthage's control of Iberia would be permanent More approachable than Hamilcar Paid troops well Married a local princess Founded a new capital, New Carthage in 228 Colonised south Iberia

Question 39

Rome's reaction to Hasdrubal's empire

Answer 39

Found it more distressing than Hamilcar's raids on Iberian countryside Negotiated the Traty of Ebro in 226 BC with Hasdrubal – same time as Rome developed a relationship with Saguntum

Question 40

Treaty of Ebro

Answer 40

226 Hasdrubal agreed that if Rome did not interfere he would limit his expansion to the south banks of the River Ebro

Question 41

Demise of Hasdrubal the Fair

Answer 41

Killed by a Gallic assassin in 221 as revenge for crucifying his master

Question 42

Achievements of Hasdrubal the Fair

Answer 42

Used his prefrence diplomacy to war to strengthen Carthage's conrtol of southern Spain. Secured Rome's consent for the extension of the Carthagian Empire Founded New Carthage

Question 43

How old was Hannibal when he took over the army in Iberia

Answer 43

26

Question 44

According to tradition who was the most influential on Hannibal

Answer 44

his father

Question 45

How old was Hannibal wen he joined his father in Iberia

Answer 45

9

Question 46

What did Hannibal witness in Iberia that made him into a great general

Answer 46

His father's speeches, tactics. and the lows and highs of war. He was educated on the battlefield

Question 47

What does Livy believe Hamilcar would have done if he lived long enough

Answer 47

He would have invaded Rom

Question 48

What was, according to Fabius Pictor and Polybius, the reason for Hannibal's war with Rome

Answer 48

the 'Wrath of Hamilcar'

Question 49

Three reasonsHannibal wanted to invade Rome (Polybius)

Answer 49

* His father made him vow to seek revenge * He, like many Carthagians, was angered by Roman seizure of Sardinia * He was encouraged by Carthage's success in Iberia, to invade Italy

Question 50

Another theory of Hannibal's reason to attack Rome

Answer 50

Ambtion * Hasdrubal had created a stable government that Hannibal could take advantage of * Hannibal had an experienced army who shared his amitions

Question 51

Hannibal's question after Saguntum

Answer 51

Whether he should attack Rome His army mostly agreed to

Question 52

Hannibal's attack on Italy as defencive

Answer 52

Rome saw the siege of Saguntum as an opportunity to declare war Rome was fearful of Carthage's recovery and saw the attack as an opportunity to crush Carthage while it had a young and inexperienced general in charge of its Iberian army If true, then marching over the Pyrenees and the Alps could have been designed to protect Africa and Iberia from Roman invasion