Orthotics

Question 1

Ankle/Foot

Answer 1

external foot orthoses
air cast
AFO

Question 2

Knee

Answer 2

KAFO
swedish knee cage
braces

Question 3

Hip

Answer 3

HKAFO

RGO

Question 4

spinal orthoses

Answer 4

LSO
TLSO
lumbar corset
cerivical
-soft collars
- philadelphia collar
- aspen collar
- HALO

Question 5

external foot orthoses

Answer 5

heel lift:

• for LLD
• used for LLD> 1/2 inch

Heel wedge:

• alter alignment of calcaneus
• -medial: control pronation
• -lateral: control supination

Question 6

air cast

Answer 6

provides lateral ankle stability
no stabliation of DF or PF
utilized for sprains, pain or instablity

Question 7

AFO

Answer 7

corrects:

• foot drop
• decrease genu recurvatum
• aids in closed chain stability

consists of foundation and plastic or metal upright

variety of types and degrees of stability

angle at ankle changes function

Question 8

types of AFO

Answer 8

metal upright
solid AFO
posterior leaf spring
ground reaction AFO
articulated
AFO with DF spring assist
tone reducing
spiral AFO

Question 9

metal upright AFO

Answer 9

shoe, stirrup, ankle joint, calfband, calf closure

subtalar joint stability is dependent on the shoe, shoe wears down and AFO becomes less stable

orthotist can adust joints to provide assitance with DF and control PF

Diabetes M. will be given this for skin integrity

relatively heavy

Question 10

Solid AFO

Answer 10

biomechanical functions are related to their trimelines:

• ankle is fixed
• flexibility allows DF ROM during alte and terminal stance
• main funciton to prevent foot drop in swing

Question 11

Ground reaction AFO

Answer 11

sold ankle and pretibial shell

if quad strength is LESS THAN 3-

induce a knee extension moment from mid to terminal stance

Question 12

articulated AFO

Answer 12

provide PF stop in swing phase

allow closed chain tibial advancement over fixed foot

allow more normalized gait pattern

MUST HAVE SUFFICIENT QUAD STRENGTH
-prevent knee buckling

Question 13

Dorsi-assit AFO

Answer 13

indicated for FOOT DROP
assit DF in swing phase
allows normal movement for normal mechanics in stance phase

Question 14

Spiral AFO

Answer 14

allows limitied but not total elimination of movement at ankle joint

plastic is molded to botton of foot and spiraled around calf

allows more flexiblity and is better for some who need sensory feed back during gait

had to adjust

Question 15

tone-reducing AFO

Answer 15

achieve most appropriate loading possible
decreasing reflexive muscle activation and improving walking pattern

uses metatarsals pad and great toe shelf to take the weight off the met heads while extending toes

Question 16

CAM walker boot

Answer 16

used to stabilize ankle/ foot after:

• fracture
• cast removal
• sprains and soft-tissue injuries
• stress fractures
• diabetic foot pain
• plantar fasciitis

Question 17

KAFO

Answer 17

provides more stabilization up the chain for more notable impairments or paralysis

provides knee extension lock in addition to AFO

hinges at knee to allow sitting then locks during standing

Question 18

swedish knee cage

Answer 18

controls genu recurvatum

MUST HAVE QUAD STRENGTH to prevent buckling

Question 19

knee braces

Answer 19

lots of variety
can be OTC
limits mobility after injury or sugery

Question 20

HKAFO

Answer 20

can be unilateral or bilateral
pelvic band added to KAFO to control or prevent hip ABD/ADD or rotation

may add drop ring lock to control hip flexion

VERY ENERGY INEFFICIENT

Question 21

RGO

Answer 21

reciprocating gait orthosis

used for ambulatory needs of paralyzed children

steps achieved by using:

• hip flexors
• lower abdominals
• trunk extension

cables prevent jackknifing into hip flexion during stance

swing leg pulled forward by cables

Question 22

LSO

Answer 22

lumbar sacral orthosis

stabilize and prevent movement in lumbar spine

used follwoing compression fracture or surgery

Question 23

TLSO

Answer 23

extends into thoracic spine

off the shelf options or molded options

Question 24

braces for spinal compression

Answer 24

jewitt brace

CASH brace

Question 25

lumbar corset or binder

Answer 25

abdominal compression to improve respiration increase intraabdominal pressure reduces stress on posterior spinal musculature and diminishes load on discs long-term reliance can promote atrophy contractures and contracture and psychological dependence can be used with orthostatic hypotension

Question 26

soft cervical collar

Answer 26

minimal motion control reminder to patient decreases load of supporting head movement is limited not restricted

Question 27

philadelphia collar

Answer 27

adds mandibular and occipital extenions for increased immobilizaiton and support of weight of head window for trach

Question 28

aspen collar

Answer 28

studier exoskeleton for increased stabilization and more control of motion window for trach

Question 29

HALO

Answer 29

most effective means of immobilization of cervical spine band around head is fixed into skull with screws and attached to thoracic cage via metal uprights used post injury or surgery that requires very conservative management to not cause spinal cord injury

Question 30

scoliosis orthoses

Answer 30

prevent curve from increasing part time wear up to 23 hours a day milwaukee - metal frame to support chest - pads strapped to frame to apply corrective forces boston -does not extend as high