OSCE/ OSPE Flashcards by Iseoluwa Ojo

Exp:4 BIOAVAILABILITY OF DRUGS

Absolute bio= _______ x _______
___________________
________________

AUC.oral x100
___________________
AUC injected

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Exp:4 BIOAVAILABILITY OF DRUGS

Absorption from the gut depends on many factors including:

gastro-intestral ______
gastro-intestral intestinal _____
Particle _____
________________________ with gut cortents

gastro-intestral motility
gastro-intestral intestinal pH
particle size
physicochemical interaction with gut cortents

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Exp:4 BIOAVAILABILITY OF DRUGS

For IV administration, bioavailability is ??

100%

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Relative bioavailability

Exp:4 BIOAVAILABILITY OF DRUGS

___________ Drug
—————————
____________ Drug

AUC Test Drug
—————————
AUC Standard Drug

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Exp:4 BIOAVAILABILITY OF DRUGS

To be bioequivalent, the relative bioavailability of two related must be _______ , that is they must show comparable bioavailability and similar times to achieve ______________________

+/- 20%

peak blood concentrations

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Exp:4 BIOAVAILABILITY OF DRUGS

Objectives of the Experiment
1. To measure the ___________________ of _____ different brands of _____

Finally we will be able to conclude whether the _____ brands of ______ are ____________.

relative bioavailability

four

ASA

four

Aspirin

bioequivalent.

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Exp:4 BIOAVAILABILITY OF DRUGS

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The Subjects

The subjects will be composed of a random sample of __________________ .

The subjects must not have taken any other drug at least ______ prior to the experiment.

These will also have ________ the night before the experiment and a ______ on the morning of the experiment.

8 - 10 students in the class

One week

an overnight fast

light breakfast

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Exp:4 BIOAVAILABILITY OF DRUGS

The Drug

______ is being used as its metabolites can be easily obtained from the urine.

______ different brands of ASA will be obtained from a pharmacy.

An established brand, such as ________ will be used as the standard drug.

Aspirin

Four

Bayer’s Aspirin

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Exp:4 BIOAVAILABILITY OF DRUGS

METHOD

At ______ time, each subject will be asked to completely _______________ and the urine saved for analysis.

Then each will be given ____ mg of ASA to ingest.
To ensure adequate diuresis, the drug will be given along with ______-______ ml of _____.

Thereafter, urine samples will be collected from the subjects _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____ hour intervals and the volume noted.

zero time

empty his/her bladder

600

500 - 1000 ml of water.

0.25h, 0.5h, 1.0h, 2.0h, 3.0h, 4.0h, 5.0h, 6.0h, 8.0h, 12.0h, 24.0 hour

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Exp:4 BIOAVAILABILITY OF DRUGS

METHOD
This stepwise method will then be used to determine the concentration of ASA in each sample of urine.

Treat a ___ml aliquot with _____________ to precipitate the proteins in it.

_________ it, then treat with _______ reagent (_______ reagent) to give it ______.

Get the ________ reading on the _____________.

Make ______ dilutions (various concentrations) of ______, get the _______ of these dilutions and do a ____________

Read the __________ of your samples from the _______ to get the corresponding ___________.

From this, a graph of ________________ vs. ________ can be plotted which will be used to determine bioavailability.

5ml ; Trichloroacetic acid

Centrifuge ; colour ; Trinders ; colour.

absorbance ; spectrophotometer.

serial ; pure ASA; absorbance ;standard curve.

absorbance ; standard curve ; concentrations.

log concentration vs. time

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Exp:4 BIOAVAILABILITY OF DRUGS

From this graph, the area under the curve can be calculated by using the __________

trapezoidal rule.

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Exp 34: Evaluation of Anti-Ulcer Agents

GENERAL PROTOCOL

____ animals for _____-______

_______ animals with _______ at ____th or ___th hr

Administer ________ at ___th or ___th hr

_______ animals at ___th or __th hr and ________________

Open stomach via the __________

Quantify and analyse the ________

Examine (______) for _______

Estimate degree of ulceration(s) (Ulcer index)

Fast ; 12 - 16hrs.

Pretreat ; anti-ulcer agents ; 13 ; 17

ulcerogen ; 14 ; 18

Sacrifice ; 15 ; 19 ; harvest their stomachs

greater curvature

gastric secretions

grossly ; ulcers

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Exp 34: Evaluation of Anti-Ulcer Agents

Specific Protocols

Group 1 : ____________

Pretreat 2 animals each with:

________ (___ mg/kg)
________ (___ ug/kg)
_______ _______ (__ml/rat)
_________ (_____ ug/kg)

And
control animals with ________ (____ ml/kg)

Induce ulcer(s) with __ ml of ________

Absolute Ethanol

Cimetidine (100 mg/kg)
misoprostol (50 ug/kg)
magnesium trisillicate (1ml/rat)
omeprazole (200 ug/kg)
distilled water (10 ml/kg)

1 ml of Absolute ethanol.

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Exp 34: Evaluation of Anti-Ulcer Agents

Group II: ____ N ____

Pretreat 2 animals each as above and induce ulcer with __ ml of _________

0.6 N HCI

1ml of 0.6 N HCI.

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Exp 34: Evaluation of Anti-Ulcer Agents

Questions:
What are the mechanisms of anti-ulcer effects of cimetidine, omeprazole and misoprostol.

Cimetidine: Histamine H2 Receptor Antagonist

Omeprazole:Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI)

Misoprostol: Prostaglandin Analog

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Exp 34: Evaluation of Anti-Ulcer Agents

What do you understand by cytoprotection?

Cytoprotection refers to the process of ___________ from various __________________, such as toxins, oxidative stress, or physical damage.

protecting cells

harmful factors or injuries

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Exp 34: Evaluation of Anti-Ulcer Agents

Percentage protection =

Ulcer index in ________
__________________________
Ulcer index in ________

Ulcer index in test drug
__________________________
Ulcer index in control

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Exp 34: Evaluation of Anti-Ulcer Agents

Ulcer index =

______ of _______ ______ of ______
——————— : ————————
______ of ______ ______ of ______

Ulcer index =

area of ulcer Length of ulcer
——————— : ————————
area of stomach Length of stomach

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Exp 34: Evaluation of Anti-Ulcer Agents

Dose of cimetidine

Conc of cimetidine

Dose of absolute ethanol

100mg/kg

20mg/ml

1ml

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Exp 34: Evaluation of Anti-Ulcer Agents

Ulcerations occur at _____ of stomach

Haemorrhages occur __________ of stomach

Walls

In between walls

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Exp 26: Anticonvulsant action of Drugs

Materials : subject:

(Young or Adult?)
(Male or Female?)

_______ ________

Adult male albino mice

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Exp 26: Anticonvulsant action of Drugs

Materials: DRUGS

_____________ (___mg/ml) (__ml/kg)

________ (___mg/ml) (__ml/kg)

unknown A (____mg/ml)
unknown B (_____mg/ml) (plant extracts).

Pentylene tetrazol ; 10 ; 100

diazepam ; 1 ; 10

unknown A (100mg/ml)

unknown B (100mg/ml)

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Exp 26: Anticonvulsant action of Drugs

Materials!

Animals: ________

Drugs:

______
______ (___mg/ml)

unknown A (____mg/ml), unknown B (_____mg/ml) (plant extracts).

Others: Needles, syringes, oral ______, stop watches, weighing balance.

Adult male albino mice

PTZ
diazepam ; 1

100;100

cannula

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Exp 26: Anticonvulsant action of Drugs

Procedure: The animals are divided into four groups - I, II, Ill and IV and treated as follows:

GROUP1:
Equal number of mice will receive ________ (___ml/kg, i.p), _______ (___ mg/kg. i.p), _______ (____,______,_____,______ mg/kg, p.o) _______. before ______ (___ mg/kg, i.p)

GROUP II:
________, ________, ________ (____,____,___,_____ mg/kg, p.o )
_____ before _________.

GROUP III:
________, ________ (___ mg/kg, i.p), ________, ________. before ________ (____mg/kg, i.m).

GROUP IV: ________, ________, ________, ____ before ________.

distilled water 2.5ml ; phenobarbitone 20 mg ; unknown A ; 50, 100, 200, 400mg ; 30 mins ; picrotoxin

Distilled water; phenobarbitone ; unknown B ; 50, 100, 200; 30mins; picrotoxin

Distilled water ; diazepam; 2 mg; unknown A ; 30 mins ; strychnine ; 1 mg

Distilled water; diazepam ; unknown B; 30 mins ; strychnine.

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Exp 26: Anticonvulsant action of Drugs Any mouse that does not convulse in _______ after ________________ administration is considered protected.

30 mins PTZ

Exp 26: Anticonvulsant action of Drugs QUESTIONS: 1. What are the mechanisms of action of the convulsant and anticonvulsant drugs used in this experiment?

Phenobarbital: is a barbiturate. enhances the inhibitory action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain. Diazepam: is a benzodiazepine. enhances the effect of GABA by binding to GABAa receptors Strychnine: antagonist to the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine in the spinal cord and brainstem. Pictotoxin: convulsant alkaloid that acts as a non-competitive antagonist of the GABAA receptor chloride ion channel.

Exp 26: Anticonvulsant action of Drugs QUESTIONS: Explain the terms - fits, seizure, convulsion and epilepsy.

fits" is a less precise term often used informally to describe episodes of abnormal brain activity while "seizure" is the medical term for such episodes. "Convulsion" refers to the muscle spasms and movements that can occur during some seizures "epilepsy" is a medical condition characterized by recurrent seizures.

Exp 26: Anticonvulsant action of Drugs Dose of distilled water : ____ml/kg Dose of diazepam: ___ml/kg The route of administration of each drug was ______ In group 1, _____ was used instead of picrotoxin In group 4, _____ was used instead of strychnine

10; 10 Oral Pentylenetetrazol Pentylenetetrazol

Exp 40: TEST FOR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS Animals: Young or Adult albino ( rats or mice?)

Animals: adult albino rats

Exp 40: TEST FOR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS Drugs: _______,__________,__________ drugs

Acetylsalicylic, ibruprofen , test

Exp 40: TEST FOR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS Animals:______________ Drugs: ________ ,_________, __________ drugs

adult albino rats Acetylsalicylic, ibruprofen, test

Exp 40: TEST FOR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS Inflammatory agents: any of these below ( 0.1 ml in normal saline) can be used ___% _____________ ___% _________ ___mg/ml ______________ ___ug/mI ___________ _______% v/v solution of ______

1% carrageenan 4% formalin 1mg/ml histamine 5ug/mI serotonin 0.5% v/v solution of fresh egg white.

Exp 40: TEST FOR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS Procedure: Divide animals into groups and measure the average ____________ of the (left or right?) ________ of each animal is determined (D•), after 3 or 4 measurements. The test agents are afterwards injected ______ (____) or _____ (____) before injecting the _______ agents. __________ is measured immediately after _________ injection and subsequently at _________ interval for ______. The left paw receives the same amount of _______ and serves as the ____________ for each animal.

paw diameter ; right hind paw intraperitoneally ; 30min orally ;1hr phlogistic ; Paw diameter carrageenan ; 30 min 2hr.; saline vehicle control

Exp 40: TEST FOR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS Percentage inhibition after time t is calculated as: ___________________________ x 100 ________________________ (D, D.) control

(D1 D•) control (D1 D•) x 100 ________________________ (D, D.) control

Exp 40: TEST FOR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS Plot a graph of ________________ against ______

% inhibition against time

Exp 1A : Dose-Response curve EXPERIMENT 1A DOSE-RESPONSE CURVE The isolated ________ ——— preparation will be used. _________ of _____ sex weighing between _____ and ______g are provided.

guinea-pig ileum Guinea-pigs of either sex 200 and 300g

Exp 1A : Dose-Response curve EXPERIMENT 1A DOSE-RESPONSE CURVE Process: Stun the animal by a _______________ and bleed it out. Open the ________ , remove the _________ portion of the _______ just above the patch of ______ and clean the lumen with _________ using a ____ml ______. Cut off a segment _______ long and suspend in the ——ml _____ containing __________ , aerated with oxygen and maintained at ___ C. By means of a ___________ , attach the _______ end of the muscle to a hook on the ___________ , arranged at the bottom of the organ-bath and attach its upper end by a thread fo a _______ or a ______________. Adjust the tension on the muscle to _____ weigh and record its movements on a ________ or a (slowly or rapidly?) moving _________

sharp blow on the head ; bleed it out abdomen ; terminal ; ileum lymph tissue ; lumen ; Tyrode solution 5.0ml pipette; 3-4cm 50ml organ-bath ; Tyrode solution 35 C.; looped thread lower ; acrator glass tubing transducer ; light frontal-writing lever. 0.2g; recorder slowly moving smoked drum.

Exp 1A : Dose-Response curve EXPERIMENT 1A DOSE-RESPONSE CURVE Put on the ________ for ______ Add ____ml of ____ g/ml ___________ and leave to act for _____. __________ kymograph or recorder and ________________. _____ the bath. After ______. switch on the kymograph/recorder, allow to run for _____. Add 0.2ml of 10 g/ml. Repeat procedures 2 and 3 Add 0.4ml of 10 g/ml. Repeat procedures 2 and 3 Continue to increase the dose by doubling the concentration until there are constant heights of contraction. (Higher conc. of ACh-100 g/ml, 1 mg/ml will be provided). Repeat steps 1-8 for ____ and ________.

kymograph ; 1 minute 0.1 ml of 10 g/ml ; Acetylcholine ;30secs. Switch off ; wash out the drug. Refill 2mins. ; 30secs. 5-HT and Histamine.

Exp 1A : Dose-Response curve EXPERIMENT 1A DOSE-RESPONSE CURVE When you have obtained the maximal contraction, remove the kymograph paper carefully and varnish it. Measure the contractions; plot a graph of _____ (x-axis) against _______ i.e.________ (y-axis).

log-dose response height of contraction

Exp 1B: Dose-Response curve EXPERIMENT 1A DOSE-RESPONSE CURVE MATERIALS Animal: ___________ Drugs: ____________ Others : 1 ml syringe, injection needles, marking ink, masking tap restraint.

Mice sodium thiopentone

Exp 1B: Dose-Response curve PROCEDURE: Each group will administer ___________ _____ally using ______ mice for each of the following dosages, ______________________________ mg/kg. Record the ________ time, ________ and __________ information for each of the mice. Once mice have recovered the ______ they can be placed in a common recovery case. Mice will be watched for a maximum of ___________, after this period they will be counted as "______".

sodium thiopentone intraperitoneally ; five 10, 30, 50, 70, 90, 110, 130 and 150 mg/kg. sleeping time ; anaesthesia ; mortality Righting reflex; 240 minutes ; dead

Exp 1B: Dose-Response curve Consider "anaesthesia" to commence when the mouse ______________. As soon as it ___________ (return to ________) "anaesthesia" is considered to be terminated. Sleeping time is defined as the ______________. Use no external stimuli as criteria of anaesthesia. __________________ will constitute "death" when it occurs.

will lie quietly on its back rolls over on its side; righting reflex duration of "anaesthesia" Termination of respiration

Exp 1B: Dose-Response curve Plot graph of _____ (abscissa) against ____________ (ordinate). And Plot graph of ______ (abscissa) against _________ (ordinate).

log dose; percent individuals anaesthetized by thiopentone log dose; percent individuals dead after thiopentone dose

Exp 1B: Dose-Response curve Therapeutic index= ____/____

LD50/ ED50

SALT SOLUTIONS : USES Frog solution Kreb solution Tyrode solution Ringer’s solution De-Jalon

Frog’s heart Mammalian skeletal muscle Guinea pig ileum Nil Rat Uterus

SALT SOLUTIONS : USES Frog’s heart Mammalian skeletal muscle Guinea pig ileum Nil Rat Uterus

Frog solution Kreb solution Tyrode solution Ringer’s solution De-Jalon

Exp 34: Bioavailability Materials ______ reagent (______) ___________ acid ___________

Trinders; Ferric acid Trichloroacetic Spectrophotometer

Exp 34: Bioavailability Drugs _______________ (ASA) ❖ Test drug (____mg) ― ________ ― ________ ― ________ ❖ Standard drug – _________

Acetylsalicylic acid 600; anacin; Empirin Vasoprin Bayer’s Aspirin

ANTICONVULSANT ACTIONS OF DRUGS a. Subjects ▪ ________________ b. Drugs ▪ Anticonvulsant agent ❖ _________ (___mg/ml) ❖ Unknown A ❖ Unknown B ▪ Pro-convulsant agent ❖ __________( ____ mg/ml)

Adult male albino mice Diazepam;1 PTZ; 10

TEST FOR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS a. Subjects ▪ ________________ b. Drugs ▪ Anti-Inflammatory agent ❖ _____________ ❖ __________ ❖ Test drug ▪ Pro-Inflammatory/Phlogisitc agent ❖ ____ % _________ ❖ ___ % _________ ❖ —-mg/ml _________ ❖ ___ug/ml _________ ❖ _____% V/V solution of Fresh _________/ _________

Adult albino rats Acetylsalicylic acid; Ibuprofen ❖ 1 % Carrageenan ❖ 4% Formalin ❖ 1mg/ml Histamine ❖ 5ug/ml Serotonin ❖ 0.5% V/V solution of Fresh egg white/ egg albumin

TEST FOR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS ___________ is the more potent anti-inflammatory agent in this experiment

Acetylsalicylic acid

ANTI-ULCER AGENT a. Subjects ▪ ____ b.DRUGS Anti-ulcer agents ❖ __________ (___ug/kg) ❖ __________ (___ug/kg) ❖ __________ (__ml) ❖ __________ (___ug/kg) ▪ Ulcerogen ❖ __________ (____%) __________

Rats Anti-ulcer agents ❖ Cimetidine (100ug/kg) ❖ Misoprostol (50ug/kg) ❖ Magnesium Trisilicate (1ml) ❖ Omeprazole (200ug/kg) ▪ Ulcerogen ❖ Absolute (100%) Ethanol

IDENTIFICATION OF THE NATURE OF UNKNOWN SUBSTANCES a. Subjects ▪ Isolated _______________ b. Drugs ▪ Agonist ❖ ________ ❖ __________ ❖ Unknown drugs A ❖ Unknown drug B ▪ Antagonist ❖ _______ ❖ __________ c. Materials ▪ _________ ________ ▪ _________/________

Isolated guinea pig ileum ❖ Acetylcholine ❖ Histamine ❖ Atropine ❖ Mepyramine ▪ Tyrode solution ▪ Kymograph/Recorder

Atropine is antagonistic to _________ Mepyramine is antagonistic to ___________

Acetylcholine Histamine

DOSE-RESPONSE CURVE a. Subjects ▪ _____________________ b. Drugs __________ __________ __________ c. Materials ▪ __________ __________ ▪ __________/__________

DOSE-RESPONSE CURVE a. Subjects ▪ Isolated guinea pig ileum b. Drugs Acetylcholine Serotonin Histamine c. Materials ▪ Tyrode solution ▪ Kymograph/Recorder

Exp 20: TEST FOR ANALGESIA Animals: ___________ Drugs : _______ (____%) ________________ ___________________ unknown drugs (____________).

Albino mice Acetic acid (0.6%) morphine sulphate acetylsalicylic acid unknown drugs (plant extracts).

Exp 20: TEST FOR ANALGESIA Procedure: Randomly divide the animals into groups and treat as follows: Group I: _________ - ____ml/kg; p.0 Group II:__________ - ____mg/kg; p.o Group III: _________ ___mg/kg; s.c Group IV: Unknown 50mg/kg; p.o Group V: Unknown 100mg/kg; p.o Group VI: Unknown 200mg/kg; p.o After _______. inject _______ (10ml/kg) ________ally, to each mouse and note the number of _______ every ______. interval for ________

Distilled water; 10 Acetylsalicilic acid;100 Morphine; 10 1 hour; acetic acid Intraperitoneally writhes; 5mins 30 mins.

Exp 20: TEST FOR ANALGESIA writhes a syndrome characterized by a ___________ of the _______ musculature, followed by (flexion or extension?) of ______ limbs

wave of contraction abdominal ; extension hind

Exp 20: TEST FOR ANALGESIA A ________ in the writhing number, as compared with the control, is considered evident of analgesia. % Inhibition = Mean (_______,_______) - Mean (______,______ ) x 100 ————————————————- Mean (_______,________ )

reduction Mean (writhes, control) - Mean (writhes, drug) x 100 ————————————————- Mean (______,_______)

Exp 20: TEST FOR ANALGESIA Plot a graph of________ vs _________

Plot a graph of %inhibition vs Log Dose

TEST FOR ANALGESIA a. Subjects ▪ __________ b. Drugs ▪ Drugs with analgesic effect ❖ _________ _________ ❖ ______________ acid ❖ Unknown drug / Plant extract ▪ Drugs inducing pain ❖ _________ (_____ )%

▪ Albino mice ❖ Morphine sulphate ❖ Acetylsalicylic acid ❖ Acetic acid (0.5)%

Test for inflammatory agent Route of administration Inflammatory : ________ Anti-inflammatory: ______

to the paw directly (sub plantar) orally

Test for inflammatory agent In the lab, We used _______ and _____ for anti _______ for inflammatory, not _______ Duration of practical was _____, not _______ Measurement of inflammation was_______ Dose for ASA / ibruprofen: Conc for ASA / ibruprofen: _______ or _____ is used to measure the circumference of right hand paw

Ibuprofen; ASA Caragenaan; albumin 2hours; 4 hours Oedema 100mg 10mg/ml Vernier Caliper; marked thread

Exp 38: determination of acute toxicity This experiment demonstrates the method by which the _________________________________ may be determined.

median lethal dose (LDs.) may be letermined.

Exp 38: determination of acute toxicity Each group will obtain _____, that have ______________ with __________. The class should use _____ of (same or different?) sex and of approximately (same or different?) weight.

mice , fasted 12 hours water libitum ; mice ; same sex same weight.

Exp 38: determination of acute toxicity Administer ___________ , ________ally ____mg/kg, ____mg/kg, ____mg/kg, ___mg/kg to group of _____ and record the number of death within _____ post injection. Instructions will be given as to any modification in dose and as to change in number of mice depending on availability.

Hexobarbitone; intraperitoneally 40mg/kg 80mg/kg 160mg/kg 320mg/kg 5 mice ; 2 hours

Exp 38: DETERMINATION OF ACUTE TOXICITY Subjects: ______ Drugs • ____________ ___ mg/kg ; ___ mg/ml ___ mg/kg ; ___ mg/ml & _____ mg/kg ; ___ mg/ml _____ mg/kg ; ___ mg/ml

Mice Hexobarbitone 40 ;10 80 ;10 160 ;20 320; 20

Exp 38: DETERMINATION OF ACUTE TOXICITY LD50 is the Log Dose that leads to ________________ of the population in a group ▪ The (lower or higher?) the LD50 the more toxic the drug ▪ The (lower or higher?) the LD50 the less toxic the drug

death in 50% of the population in a group The lower The higher

Exp 35: Gastrointestinal Motility Tests Materials Animals: _______ of _____ sex Others: syringes and needles, stop watches, weighing balance, test agents, distilled water, _______

albino mice; either atropine

Exp 35: Gastrointestinal Motility Tests Procedure: ____ animals for ___-___ hrs. and divide them into groups of _______ each. Administer the test drugs in ideal doses to each group and distilled water, (10ml/kg) to control group and _______ (____ mg/kg) as the positive control. _________ thereafter , give ___ml oral ____________ . _________ later, each animal is killed and the ____________. (I.P) is moved by the __________ from the ________ is cut and measured and expressed as a percentage of the distance, the charcoal meal has moved from the pylorus to the ________.

Fast ; 12 - 18 hrs. ; 5 mice atropine (0.1mg/kg) 30mins ; 0.2ml ; charcoal meal . Thirty minutes ; intestinal distance. (I.P) charcoal meal ; pylorus caecum.

Exp 35: Gastrointestinal Motility Tests Charcoal meal _____% _________ charcoal in ____% _________________

3 deactivated 10; aqueous tragacanth

Exp 35: Gastrointestinal Motility Tests Peristaltic index = __________/_________

Distance moved by the meal Mean whole length of small intestine

Exp 35: Gastrointestinal Motility Tests ________ increases motility in mild scenarios ________ increases motility in severe scenarios If P.I travels towards O, strong _______ If P.I travels towards 1, _______________

Laxatives; purgatives Inhibition Enhancing

Exp 35: Gastrointestinal Motility Tests Route of Administration Control was given ______ Test drugs were given _______ Carbachol was given ________ Atropine was given _______

Orally Orally Sc Sc

Exp 35: Gastrointestinal Motility Tests Dose and concentrations Test drug A Test drug B

Dose Of A : 200mg/kg Conc Of A: 20mg/ml Dose of B: 400mg/kg Conc Of B: 40mg/ml

Exp 27: protection against anaphylactic shock Drugs: ____________ - _______ 1:1,000 _______ - _______ (___-____ mg/kg) Animals: _________

Antigen solution Adrenaline; promethazine Mepyramine; 50 - 100 Guinea-pigs.

Exp 27: protection against anaphylactic shock Method: 1. For the control experiment, place weighed ______ (____-_____g) into the ______ cage. Fill the spraying unit with ________ (___mg/ml) solution and spray into the cage containing the _________. Time the reaction of guinea-pig to the effect of the antigen i.e. ________,__________ and finally, ______. ________ and _______. Inject a second guinea-pig with ______ (__-____ mg/kg) and allow the drug to act for ___________. Place the guinea-pig into the Perspex cage and spray it with the antigen solution as in procedure (1). Note the reaction time. 3. Repeat procedure (2) in another guinea-pig; but inject ___ml ________ solution (1:1000) ___________ . Note the reactions time.

guinea-pig ; 200-300g Perspex cage ; antigen ; 50mg/ml) solution ; guinea-pig. scratching of the face, irritability and finally, shock. Collapse and death. mepyramine ; 50-100mg/kg 30minutes. 1 ml adrenaline solution (1:1000) subcutaneously.

Exp 27: protection against anaphylactic shock PROTECTION AGAINST ANAPHYLAXIS a. Subjects ▪_________ b. Drugs ▪ Drug preventing anaphylaxis ❖ ________ (1;1000) ❖ ___________ (50-100mg/kg) ❖ ______________ ▪ Drug inducing anaphylaxis

Guinea pig Adrenaline; Mepyramine; Promethazine

Exp 27: protection against anaphylactic shock For the other anti histamines, wait _____ before spraying with histamine For adrenaline , wait _____ before spraying with histamine If the duration is longer than _____, the anti histamine was effective Antigen solution is ???

30mins ; 2 mins 10mins Histamine 50mg/ml

Only experiment to use more than 5mice/rats is??

Anticonvulsant which used 6mice

Anticonvulsant experiment The foloving are types of seizures seen Tonic (_________________) Clonic(___________________) Myoclonus (____________)

forelimbs will be stretched) Clonic(fore and hind limbs will be stretched) Myoclonus (entire body shakes)

Experiment 5:Effects of Route of Administration on Drug effect Animal: _____ Drug used: __________ Dose used: ________

Mice Pentobarbitone 100mg/kg

Experiment 5:Effects of Route of Administration on Drug effect IP was used instead of IV because ??

Their veins are too small

Experiment 5:Effects of Route of Administration on Drug effect Onset of action: time from when ______________ to the time the animal _____________

the drug is administered Loses its righting reflex

Experiment 5:Effects of Route of Administration on Drug effect Pentobarbitone A ———— that induces _____ at low dose, and __________ at higher dose

Barbiturate Sleep(amnesia) Convulsion or death

Experiment 5:Effects of Route of Administration on Drug effect Oral IP IM SC arrange from fastest to slowest

Ip> Im > Sc> Oral

Exp 3 : Individual Variations in Response To Drugs Drugs: ____________ Dose: ________ Route : ________

Sodium Hexobarbitone 50mg/kg Intraperitoneally

Volume of drug administered =

Weight x Dose _____________ Concentration

Lisinopril • an _________ • _____ administration • Prevent ________ breakdown • Side effects o ________ o ________ o ________ impairment o ________ kalaemia • It is contraindicated in ________ • It can be ________protective

• ACE Inhibitors • Oral administration • Prevent Bradykinin breakdown • Side effects o Cough o Tasteabnormalities o Renalimpairment o Hyperkalaemia • It is contraindicated in pregnancy • It can be renoprotective

Valsartan A _____________ • _______ administration • Side effects o _______ o _______ impairment o _______ kalaemia • It is contraindicated in _______ • Doesn’t lead to _______

Angiotensin receptor blocker • Oral administration • Side effects o Orthostatichypertension o Renalimpairment o Hyperkalaemia • It is contraindicated in pregnancy • Doesn’t lead to cough

Propanolol A _________________ blocker • _______ administration • Side effects o Broncho _______ o _______ glycaemia o _______ o Hyper _______ • It is contraindicated in _______

Non-selective Beta blocker • Oral administration • Side effects o Bronchospasm o Hypoglycaemia o Erectiledysfunction o Hyperlipidaemia • It is contraindicated in Asthmatics

Amlodipine A ________________ blocker • ______ administration • Side effects o Headache o Dizziness o Flushing o ______ • Not indicated for ______

Dihydropyridine Calcium channel Oral administration • Side effects o Headache o Dizziness o Flushing o Orthostatichypotension • Not indicated for Arrhythmia

Metformin A __________ • _____ administration • Insulin __________ • Side effects o __________ o __________ o __________ deficiency o Weight __________ • Doesn’t cause __________

Biguanides • Oral administration • Insulin sensitizer • Side effects o Lacticacidosis o Metallictase o VitaminB12deficiency o Weightloss • Doesn’t cause Hypoglycaemia

Repaglinide _________ • _______ administration • Insulin _______ • Block ATP sensitive _______ channels in the _______ cells • Side effects o _______ o Weight _______ o Hepatoxicity

Meglitinides • Oral administration • Insulin secretagogues • Block ATP sensitive K+ channels in the pancreatic cells • Side effects o Hypoglycaemia o Weightgain o Hepatoxicity

Pioglitazone ____________ • _____ administration • Insulin _____ • Act on _____ in the nucleus • Side effects o Weight _____ o Edema o Increased risk of _____ • Doesn’t cause _____

Thiazolidinediones • Oral administration • Insulin sensitizer • Act on PPAR-y in the nucleus • Side effects o Weightgain o Edema o Increased risk of bone fracture • Doesn’t cause Hypoglycaemia

Glyburide ____________ • ______ administration • Insulin ______ • Block ATP sensitive ______ channels in the pancreatic cells • Duration of action is ______ • Side effects o ______ o Weight ______ o ______ intolerance

Sulfonylureas • Oral administration • Insulin secretagogues • Block ATP sensitive K+ channels in the pancreatic cells • Duration of action is 10 to 24 hours • Side effects o Hypoglycaemia o Weightgain o Alcoholintolerance

Paracetamol _____ inhibitor • __________ • Acts as both ________, ______ and _______ agent • Antidote is ________ • Side effects o _______ distress o _____ toxicity o ______toxicity

COX inhibitor • Acetaminophen • Acts as both an Anti-pyretic, Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory agent • Antidote is N-Cysteine • Side effects o Gastrointestinaldistress o Hepatoxicity o Nephrotoxicity

Ibruprofen _____ inhibitor • _________ derivatives • Side effects o Gastric _______ o _______ o _______ • It is contraindicated in ________

COX inhibitor • Propionic acid derivatives • Side effects o Gastriculcer o Bleeding o Stroke • It is contraindicated in peptic ulcers

Aspirin ______ Inhibitor • _______ • Has _______ effect at low dose • Has _______ and _______ effect at moderate dose • Has _______ effect at high dose • Contraindicated in o _______ inChildren o _______ o _______ • Side effect o Bleeding o _______ o _______ syndrome

COX Inhibitor • Salicylate • Has anti-platelet effect at low dose • Has analgesic and anti-pyretic effect at moderate dose • Has anti-inflammatory effect at high dose • Contraindicated in o ViralinfectioninChildren o Gout o Pepticulcer • Side effect o Bleeding o Ulcer o Reyessyndrome