Annoying Slide Flashcards
(101 cards)
Dose response curve is _____ shape
Log of dose response curve is _____ shape
Hyperbolic
Sigmoid
Thresholds based on acute responses, such as ____, are more (easy to or difficult to ?) determine, while thresholds for chemicals that cause ___ or other chronic responses are more (easy to or difficult to ?)determine.
death
Easy to
cancer
Difficult to
When a threshold is difficult to determine, toxicologists look at the _________________ to give them information about the toxicity of a chemical.
A sharp increase in the slope of the curve can suggest _____________ as the dose increases, as illustrated by line A on the next graph.
A relatively flat slope suggests that the effect of an increase in dose is ______
slope of the dose-response curve
increasingly higher risks of toxic responses
minimal
Quantal dose response curve relates dose to _______
Graded dose response curve relates dose to _______
Frequency of effect
Intensity of effect
the penicillin molecule binds to a bacterial enzyme ______ and prevents “____” in the bacterial ______ leading to death of the bacteria.
transpeptidase
cross links
cell wall.
The interaction between penicillin and the enzyme depends on the ________
Large amounts of penicillin _______ the enzyme and in the presence of small amounts, the enzyme _______
amounts of penicillin present.
completely blocks
resumes its normal function.
thyrotoxicosis can affect a drug’s pharmacodynamics
T/F
T
Drugs can impart new functions on any system, organ or cell.
T/F
F
Drugs (except those gene based)
Do NOT impart new functions on any system, organ or cell.
Only alter the PACE of ongoing activity.
STIMULATION: selective enhancement of the level of activity of specialized cells, e.g _____ on the heart, _____ on salivary glands.
DEPRESSION: selective diminution of activity of specialized cells, e.g. ______ on the CNS, _____ on the heart, _____ on gastric secretion.
adrenaline
pilocarpine
barbiturates
quinidine
omeprazole
Silent receptors
These are sites which bind specific drugs but no pharmacological response is elicited. They are better called ______ or ________ e.g. ________
Drug acceptors or Sites of loss
plasma proteins.
Autoantibodies can also mimic the effects of agonists
T/F
T
Myasthenia Gravis:
Antibodies against the ________ receptors at ________
cholinergic nicotinic
motor end plate.
Testicular feminisation:
_________ syndrome (AIS) is when a person who is genetically ____ is resistant to ___ hormones .
As a result, the person has some of the physical traits of a ______, but the genetic makeup of a ______.
Androgen insensitivity
male; male
woman; man
Familial Hypercholesterolaemia
People who have this condition are born with it. This change prevents the body from __________________________________
ridding itself of the type of cholesterol that can build up in the arteries and cause heart disease.
Effectors of Go
Substrates of Go
Inhibits Calcium channel
Potassium channel in heart
Most things that go for Gi also go for Go
T/F
T
Activation of adenyl Cyclase could result in:
(Contraction or relaxation?) (smooth muscle)
(Increased or reduced ?) contractility of heart
______
______
(activation or inhibition?) of secretion/mediator release
hormone secretion (activation or inhibition?) , among others.
Relaxation
Increased
glycogenolysis
Lipolysis
Inhibition
Activation
cAMP activity is terminated by _______, which _____ it to _____
phophodiestarases
hydrolyse
5-AMP
Activation of phospholipase C catalyzes the cleavage of membrane-bound ____________ into the second messenger _____________ and ________
phophatidylinositol 4,5 biphosphate (PIP2)
inositol (1, 4, 5) triphosphate (IP3)
diacylglycerol (DAG).
IP3/DAG pathway
Main Results:
Mediates /modulates (contraction or relaxation?)
Secretion/transmitter release
Neuronal (excitability or hyper polarization?)
________ movements
_______ synthesis
Cell _______
Contraction
excitability
Intracellular
Eicosanoid
Proliferation
Occupancy theory: response is proportional to the ______________; maximal response occurs when _____________
fraction of occupied receptors
all the receptors are occupied.
Rate theory: response is proportional to the ________________.
Here, _____ of receptor ______ determines whether a molecule is agonist, partial agonist or antagonist.
rate of Drug-Receptor complex dissociation
duration; dissociation
Stephenson’s theory: response is proportional to the ____________
Ariens’ theory: response is a function of _______
fraction of occupied receptor and the intrinsic activity.
affinity
Based on Arien’s theory, maximum response can’t be produced without 100 % receptor occupation.
T/F
F
It can
