OSI

Question 1

OSI meaning

Answer 1

Open System Interconnection

Question 2

The _______________ model is a
conceptual model created by the International
Organization for Standardization which enables
diverse communication systems to communicate
using standard protocols.

Answer 2

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)

Question 3

The open systems interconnection (OSI) model is a
conceptual model created by the ________ which enables diverse communication systems to communicate using standard protocols.

Answer 3

International Organization for Standardization

Question 4

can be seenas a universal language for computer networking. It is based on the concept of splitting up a
communication system into seven abstract layers,
each one stacked upon the last

Answer 4

OSI Model

Question 5

This is the only layer that directly interacts with data from the user. Software applications like web browsers and email clients rely on the ____________ to initiate communications.

Answer 5

Application Layer

Question 6

But it should be made clear that client software
applications are not part of the application layer

Question 7

is responsible for the protocols and data manipulation that the software relies on to present meaningful data to the user

Answer 7

Application Layer

Question 8

Application layer protocols include ________ as well as __________

Answer 8

HTTP and SMTP

Question 9

SMTP

Answer 9

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

Question 10

is one of the protocols that enables email communications

Answer 10

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

Question 11

Prepares data for the application layer by translating, encrypting, and compressing it. It ensures that data from different devices using different encoding methods is converted into a format the receiving device’s application layer can understand.

Answer 11

PRESENTATION LAYER

Question 12

If the communication is encrypted, it
handles both encryption on the sender’s side and decryption on the receiver’s side, presenting unencrypted, readable data. Additionally, it
compresses data to improve transfer speed and efficiency

Answer 12

PRESENTATION LAYER

Question 13

manages the opening and closing of communication
between two devices, ensuring the session stays open long enough to transfer all data and then closes to save resources.

Answer 13

SESSION LAYER

Question 14

manages the opening and closing of communication
between two devices, ensuring the session stays open long enough to transfer all data and then closes to save resources.

Answer 14

SESSION LAYER

Question 15

handles end-to-end communication between devices. It breaks data from the session layer into segments before sending it to layer 3, and on the receiving device, it reassembles these segments.

Answer 15

TRANSPORT LAYER

Question 16

also manages flow control, ensuring the sender’s speed doesn’t overwhelm the receiver, and error control, ensuring data integrity by requesting retransmissions if necessary.

Answer 16

TRANSPORT LAYER

Question 17

Key protocols of transport layer include

Answer 17

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

Question 18

handles data transfer between different networks. If the devices are on the same network, this layer isn’t needed.

Answer 18

NETWORK LAYER

Question 19

It breaks down transport layer segments into smaller packets for transmission and reassembles them on the receiving device

Answer 19

NETWORK LAYER

Question 20

The network layer also determines the best route for data to reach its destination, a process known as __________

Answer 20

routing

Question 21

determines the best route for data to reach its destination

Answer 21

NETWORK LAYER

Question 22

Key protocols of network layer include

Answer 22

IP, ICMP, IGMP, and the IPsec suite

Question 23

MAC

Answer 23

Media Access Control

Question 24

IP

Answer 24

Internet Protocol

Question 25

ICMP

Answer 25

Internet Control Message Protocol

Question 26

lGMP

Answer 26

Internet Group Management Protoco

Question 27

IPsec

Answer 27

Internet Protocol Security

Question 28

SNA

Answer 28

Systems Network Architecture

Question 29

IBM

Answer 29

International Business Machines

Question 30

VTAM

Answer 30

Virtual Telecommunications Access Method

Question 31

CICS

Answer 31

Customer Information Control System

Question 32

IMS

Answer 32

Information Management System

Question 33

P2P

Answer 33

Peer-to-Peer

Question 34

CDN

Answer 34

Content Delivery Network

Question 35

is very similar to the network layer, except the data link layer facilitates data transfer between two devices on the same network.

Answer 35

DATA LINK LAYER

Question 36

takes packets from the network layer and breaks them into smaller pieces called frames

Answer 36

DATA LINK LAYER

Question 37

data link layer takes packets from the network layer and breaks them into smaller pieces called

Answer 37

frames

Question 38

Like the network layer, the _________ is also responsible for flow control and error control in intra-network communication

Answer 38

DATA LINK LAYER

Question 39

does flow control and error control for inter-network communications

Answer 39

TRANSPORT LAYER

Question 40

This layer includes the physical equipment involved in the data transfer, such as the cables and switches

Answer 40

PHYSICAL LAYER

Question 41

This is also the layer where the data gets converted into a bit stream, which is a string of 1s and 0s

Answer 41

PHYSICAL LAYER

Question 42

The ___________ of both devices must also agree on a signal convention so that the 1s can be distinguished from the 0s on both devices.

Answer 42

PHYSICAL LAYER

Question 43

is a string of 1s and 0s

Answer 43

bit stream

Question 44

is the framework that defines how data, devices, and communication processes interact within a network.

Answer 44

SYSTEM NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

Question 45

It includes hardware components (routers, switches, firewalls), software (network operating systems, middleware), and communication protocols.

Answer 45

SYSTEM NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

Question 46

A well-structured network architecture ensures efficient, secure, and reliable data transmission, optimizing bandwidth, reducing latency, and supporting scalability. It also promotes interoperability between different devices and systems. Poor architecture can lead to inefficiencies like bottlenecks and security issues.

Question 47

is essential for seamless digital communication

Answer 47

network architecture

Question 48

In 1974, IBM introduced its ________, a set of protocols enabling communication between IBM mainframes and peripheral devices like controllers for displays, printers, and financial systems

Answer 48

Systems Network Architecture (SNA)

Question 49

The mainframe subsystem supporting SNA was called

Answer 49

Virtual Telecommunication Access Method (VTAM)

Question 50

became dominant in Fortune 1000 companies due to its robustness, supported by IBM’s hardware and transaction management software (CICS and IMS).

Answer 50

Systems Network Architecture (SNA)

Question 51

At the time, data processing was mainly batch-based, where data was manually entered and processed in bulk. Transaction processing, introduced around 1974, allowed real-time data entry and immediate feedback, requiring reliable networking infrastructure.

Question 52

Communication lines in the 1970s were slow and unreliable, with speeds of only _____ bits per second

Answer 52

9600

Question 53

developed SNA to ensure message integrity, as even minor errors (like a missing or extra bit) could lead to disastrous outcomes, such as incorrect bank transactions. Memory limitations and slower devices further prompted the need for a robust protocol to address these challenges

Answer 53

IBM

Question 54

define how computing resources, services, and data are organized and managed within a network. Different architectures are designed to meet specific needs, considering factors such as scalability, performance, security, and fault tolerance.

Answer 54

Network architecture

Question 55

The most common types of network architectures include ______________________________________________________________, each with its own advantages and challenges.

Answer 55

centralized, distributed, client-server, and peer-to-peer (P2P) architectures

Question 56

is one in which all computing resources, data, and processing power are controlled by a single central server or mainframe.

Answer 56

CENTRALIZED NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

Question 57

This architecture is commonly used in mainframe computing environments and enterprise-level data centers.

Answer 57

CENTRALIZED NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

Question 58

In this setup, client devices, such as computers or terminals, rely on the central server for data processing, application execution, and resource management.

Answer 58

CENTRALIZED NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

Question 59

One of the key advantages of _____________ is that it allows for simplified management, as all data and applications are stored in one location, making it easier to enforce security policies and updates.

Answer 59

CENTRALIZED NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

Question 59

a major drawback is the ______________ —if the central server experiences downtime, the entire network can become inoperable.

Answer 59

single point of failure

Question 60

_____________ can become bottlenecked as demand increases, leading to potential performance degradation if the server is not adequately scaled.

Answer 60

CENTRALIZED NETWORKS

Question 61

disperses computing power and resources across multiple devices or nodes, rather than relying on a single central server

Answer 61

DISTRIBUTED NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

Question 62

This architecture is commonly used in cloud computing, microservices, and content delivery networks (CDNs), where tasks and services are spread across multiple locations to enhance performance and reliability.

Answer 62

DISTRIBUTED NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

Question 63

The biggest advantage of a distributed architecture is _________ —since there is no single point of failure, the network can continue functioning even if individual nodes go offline

Answer 63

fault tolerance

Question 64

also offer better scalability, as additional resources can be added dynamically without affecting overall performance. However, they can be more complex to manage, requiring sophisticated coordination mechanisms to ensure consistency and security across all nodes.

Answer 64

DISTRIBUTED NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

Question 65

is a widely used model in which client devices request services from a central server.

Answer 65

CLIENT-SERVER NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

Question 66

This model is the foundation of web applications, email services, and enterprise networks, where servers host applications, databases, and processing power, while client devices access these resources remotely.

Answer 66

CLIENT-SERVER NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

Question 67

The primary advantage of a ___________ is efficient resource management, as processing is handled by powerful servers, reducing the computational burden on client devices.

Answer 67

CLIENT-SERVER NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

Question 68

Additionally, security policies can be centralized, making it easier to enforce authentication and data protection measures.

Answer 68

CLIENT-SERVER NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

Question 69

similar to centralized architectures, ______________ can suffer from server overload, leading to potential performance bottlenecks during high traffic periods.

Answer 69

CLIENT-SERVER NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

Question 70

enables direct communication between devices without requiring a central server.

Answer 70

PEER TO PEER NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

Question 71

acts as both a client and a server, sharing files, processing power, and other resources. This architecture is widely used in file-sharing applications, blockchain technology, and decentralized systems.

Answer 71

PEER TO PEER NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

Question 72

The main advantage of ____________ is that they reduce dependency on central servers, making them more resilient against failures and censorship. They also offer scalability, as more peers can join the network and contribute resources

Answer 72

PEER TO PEER NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

Question 73

often have weaker security controls, as they lack a centralized authority to enforce access policies and prevent malicious activity. Additionally, performance can be inconsistent, as data retrieval speeds depend on the availability and connectivity of other peers in the network.

Answer 73

PEER TO PEER NETWORK ARCHITECTURE