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Biology 1130 > Osmoregulatory and Excretory system > Flashcards

Osmoregulatory and Excretory system Flashcards

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1
Q

What Two processes help maintain fluid and electrolyte (salt) homeostasis in animals?

A

Osmoregulation and excretion

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2
Q

What challenge do marine animals have in regard to water?

A

Osmotic water loss

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3
Q

What challenge do freshwater animals have in regard to water?

A

Osmotic water gain

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4
Q

What challenge do terrestrial animals have in regard to water?

A

Desiccation (drying out)

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5
Q

What do electrolytes form in solution?

A

Ions

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6
Q

What are osmoconformers?

A

No regulation of osmolarity; their internal environment is osmotic in relation to the external environment.

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7
Q

What are osmoregulators?

A

They tightly regulate their body osmolarity, maintaining constant internal conditions.

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8
Q

What are the pros and cons of being an osmoconformer?

A

Restricted to certain environments, but expend less energy on osmoregulation.

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9
Q

What is the con of being an osmoregulator?

A

Energy

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10
Q

Define osmolarity

A

A measure of the number of osmoles of solute per liter of solution

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11
Q

What are the principal metabolic waste products?

A

Water, carbon dioxide, and nitrogenous wastes (ammonia, uric acid, urea)

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12
Q

What does extracellular fluid include?

A

Interstitial fluid, lymph, and blood plasma (or hemolymph)

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13
Q

Define osmotic pressure

A

The pressure that must be exerted on the hypertonic side of the membrane to prevent net movement of water from the hypotonic side

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14
Q

What do excretory systems do?

A

Help maintain fluid and electrolyte homeostasis by selectively adjusting the concentrations of salts and other substances in blood and body fluids

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15
Q

Marine invertebrates are ____

A

osmoconformers

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16
Q

Costal marine animals are ____

A

osmoregulators

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17
Q

What do nephridial organs do?

A

Function in osmoregulation and excretion in many invertebrates

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18
Q

What makes up nephridial organs?

A

Each nephridial organ consists of simple or branching tubes that open to the outside of the body through nephridiopores

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19
Q

What are the two types of nephridial organs?

A

Protonephridia and metanephridia

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20
Q

The main osmoregulatory and excretory organ in most vertebrates is the _____

A

kidney

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21
Q

Gills excrete what?

A

Ammonia

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22
Q

Sweat glands can excrete what percent of metabolic wastes?

A

5% to 10% of all metabolic wastes

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23
Q

Birds and mammals have a high rate of ____ and produce a large volume of ____ _____.

A

Birds and mammals have a high rate of metabolism and produce a large volume of nitrogenous wastes

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24
Q

Birds excrete ____ ___, mammals excrete ____

A

Birds excrete uric acid, mammals excrete urea

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25
What does skin do in regards to the excretory system?
Reptiles, birds, and mammals have skin that minimizes water loss, and many excrete urea or uric acid
26
What does the urinary system consist of?
Kidneys, urinary bladder, and associated ducts
27
What is micturition?
When urine is released from the bladder and flows out of the body through the urethra
28
Describe where urine is created and where it goes from there
Urine is produced in kidneys and flows through a ureter to the urinary bladder, then out the urethra
29
What covers each kidney?
A connective tissue capsule
30
What is the outer portion of the kidney called?
Renal cortex
31
What is the inner portion of the kidney called?
Renal medulla
32
What does the renal medulla contain?
8 - 10 cone-shaped renal pyramids
33
What is the type of each pyramid in the renal medulla called?
A renal papilla
34
What does each renal papilla have?
Several pores, the openings of collecting ducts
35
How does urine flow through the kidney?
Urine flows from collecting ducts through a renal papilla and into the renal pelvis
36
What is a nephron?
A functional unit of the kidney
37
What do the kidneys produce?
Renin and erythropoietin
38
What does erythropoietin do?
Stimulates RBC production
39
What does the nephron consist of?
A cuplike Bowman’s capsule connected to a long, coiled renal tubule
40
What is within the Bowman's capsule?
A cluster of capillaries called a glomerulus
41
What are the three main regions of the renal tubule?
Proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule
42
How is blood delivered to the kidneys?
Through the renal artery
43
Afferent arterioles conduct blood into what?
Capillaries of a glomerulus
44
As blood flows through glomerulus what happens?
Some plasma is forced into Bowman’s capsule
45
Where does blood flowing from the glomerular capillaries go?
Into an efferent arteriole
46
Where does blood go after the efferent arteriole?
Efferent arterioles deliver blood to peritubular capillaries which return materials to the blood, which flows in small veins to the renal vein
47
What is the juxtaglomerular | apparatus?
A small group of cells located in the walls of the tubule and arterioles near the Bowman's capsule
48
What are the two types of nephrons in the kidney?
Juxtamedullary and cortical
49
What are cortical nephrons?
They're more numerous, more superficial, have relatively small glomeruli, and are located almost entirely within the cortex or outer medulla
50
What are juxtamedullary nephrons?
They're more internal, have large glomeruli, and long loops of Henle that extend deep into the medulla
51
What does the loop of Henle consist of?
A descending limb and an ascending limb
52
What does the descending limb of the loop of Henle do?
It receives filtrate from the proximal tubule
53
What does the ascending limb of the loop of Henle do?
It's where filtrate passes to the distal tubule
54
Urine is produced by what three processes?
Filtration, reabsorption, tubular secretion
55
Blood flows through glomerular capillaries under high pressure, forcing more than ____% of the plasma out of capillaries and into Bowman’s capsule
10%
56
What forms the filtration membrane?
The porous walls of the glomerular capillaries and the filtration slits between podocytes
57
What does the filtration membrane do?
It's highly permeable to water, small molecules, and ions but restricts the passage of blood cells and large molecules.
58
What permits precise regulation of blood chemistry by the kidneys?
Reabsorption by renal tubules
59
What is returned to the blood by the kidneys?
Needed substances such as water, salt, glucose and amino acids are returned to the blood
60
What things remain in the filtrate and are excreted as urine?
Wastes, excess salts, and other materials
61
~___% of the filtrate is actively reabsorbed as it passes through the proximal tubule
~65%
62
What things are completely reabsorbed by the proximal tubule?
Glucose, amino acids, vitamins, and other substances of nutritional value
63
What things are partially reabsorbed by the proximal tubule?
Many ions, including sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, and potassium
64
Where does reabsorption continue after the proximal tubule?
Through the loop of Henle, the distal tubule, and the collecting duct
65
What is the tubular transport maximum?
Maximum rate at which a substance can be reabsorbed
66
What are the general regions of glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion?
The glomerulus filters blood. As the glomerular filtrate moves through the renal tubule, its composition is adjusted by selective reabsorption and tubular secretion. The adjusted filtrate is urine.
67
Define tubular secretion
The selective transfer of substances from blood in the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubule
68
What happens when blood becomes too acidic?
Collecting ducts secrete more H+ into the urine
69
What are 4 examples of hormones involved in the regulation of kidney function?
Antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, angiotensin II, and atrial natriuretic peptide
70
Explain how the release of antidiuretic hormone occurs
Receptors in hypothalamus sense osmotic changes in blood due to dehydration, signaling the posterior pituitary lobe to release antidiuretic hormone
71
What produces Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)?
The heart
72
What does ANP do?
Increases Na+ excretion; decreases blood pressure

Biology 1130 (12 decks)

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