Chapter 9; Textbook Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 9; Textbook Deck (30)
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1
Q

What is paracrine signaling?

A

Signaling between cells that are close together, uses diffusion through the extracellular matrix

2
Q

What type of responses does paracrine signaling typically elicit?

A

Quick, short-lasting responses

3
Q

How does paracrine signaling keep signals localized?

A

Paracrine ligand molecules are normally quickly degraded by enzymes or removed by neighboring cells

4
Q

What’s an example of paracrine signaling?

A

Nerve cell synapses

5
Q

What is endocrine signaling?

A

Signaling from distant cells via the bloodstream

6
Q

What type of response does endocrine signaling elicit?

A

A slower, long-lasting response

7
Q

What are the ligands released during endocrine signaling called?

A

Hormones

8
Q

What are hormones?

A

Signaling molecules that are produced in one part of the body but affect other body regions some distance away

9
Q

How do hormones travel?

A

Through the bloodstream

10
Q

What’s a downside to the movement of hormones via the blood stream?

A

Hormones become more diluted

11
Q

What is autocrine signaling?

A

When the target cell is the same (or similar) cell as the signaling cell

12
Q

When is autocrine signaling used?

A

During the early development of an organism to ensure that cells develop into the correct tissues, to regulate pain sensation and inflammatory responses, and in apoptosis

13
Q

What is direct signaling across gap junctions?

A

The small, fluid-filled channels (gap junctions) allow intracellular mediators to diffuse between the two cells

14
Q

What do internal receptors do?

A

They respond to hydrophobic ligand molecules that are able to travel across the plasma membrane

15
Q

What do cell-surface receptors do?

A

They span the entire plasma membrane and perform a signal transduction, through which an extracellular signal is converted into an intracellular signal

16
Q

What do ion channel-linked receptors do?

A

They bind a ligand and open a channel through the membrane that allows specific ions to pass through

17
Q

What do g-protein-linked receptors do?

A

They bind a ligand and activate a membrane protein (G-protein) that then interacts with either an ion channel or an enzyme in the membrane

18
Q

How many transmembrane domains do g-protein-linked have?

A

7

19
Q

What are enzyme-linked receptors?

A

Cell-surface receptors with intracellular domains that are associated with an enzyme

20
Q

What can small hydrophobic ligands do?

A

Directly diffuse through the plasma membrane and interact with internal receptors

21
Q

What makes water-soluble ligands unique?

A

They can’t pass through the plasma membrane unaided, so they bind to the extracellular domain of cell-surface receptors

22
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

One of the most common chemical modifications that occurs in signaling pathways, it adds a phosphate group to a molecule (like a protein)

23
Q

What enzyme is used during phosphorylation?

A

Kinase

24
Q

What is a second messenger?

A

It’s a small molecule that propagates a signal after it’s already been initiated, which helps spread a signal through the cytoplasm by altering the behavior of certain cellular proteins

25
Q

What’s an example of a second messenger?

A

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

26
Q

What are inositol phospholipids?

A

Lipids that can also be converted into second messengers

27
Q

What are growth factors?

A

The ligands that promote cell growth

28
Q

What is quorum sensing?

A

Bacterial signaling, which detects the number of cells present in the environment

29
Q

What does quorum sending use?

A

Autoinducers

30
Q

What are autoinducers?

A

Found in quorum sensing, autoinducers are signaling molecules secreted by bacteria to communicate with other bacteria of the same kind