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Bpk 142 > Osteology > Flashcards

Osteology Flashcards

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1
Q

Osteology

A

Scientific study of bones

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2
Q

Anthropology

A

The science concerned with anatomy, function, dysfunction and treatment of joints

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3
Q

Functions of the skeleton

A
  • supporting framework for the body
  • attachment points for muscles
    - creating a lever system to enable movement
  • Mineral storage (calcium and phosphorus)
  • Blood cell formation (red bone marrow produces WBC, RBC and platelets
  • protects vital organs
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4
Q

The relationship between skeleton muscles and bone

A
  • skeleton muscles create movements by pulling on bones
  • bones serve as levers
  • joints serve as fulcrums
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5
Q

Describe the structure of long bone

A
  • more long than wide
  • hallow shaft is made of compact bone filled with yellow bone marrow
  • ends of bone are composed of spongy or cancellous bone made of red bone marrow
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6
Q

What happens at the epiphyseal plate?

A

Longitudinal bone growth occurs here

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7
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate

A

A layer of cartilage

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8
Q

The _____________ cartilage cells and replaced by _________________

A

1) proliferating
2) bone

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9
Q

Osteocytes

A

Widely separated cells surrounded by a matrix

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10
Q

Bone tissue is composed of what?

A

Widely separated cells called osteocytes

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11
Q

What is the matrix?

A

25% water
25% protein (mainly collagen)
50% mineral salts (calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate)

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12
Q

Why is bone continually being remodeled?

A

It is a response to mechanical stress or absence of stress

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13
Q

Bone is highly ___________

A

Dynamic

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14
Q

The bones in physically active people tend to be _________, than sedentary individuals

A

Denser

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15
Q

In a professional tennis player, the serving arm will have…

A

greater bone thickness

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16
Q

How many bones are in the human body?

A

206

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17
Q

How many bone shapes are there?

A

5

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18
Q

What are the 5 classifications of bone

A

-long bone
-short bone
-sesamoid bone
-flat bone
-irregular bone

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19
Q

Describe the long bone and give examples

A

Long bone: more wide than long
–> humerus, femur, tibia, radius, fibula, metacarpals, ulna, phalanges

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20
Q

Describe the short bone and give examples

A
  • wider than they are tall
    –> carparls, tarsals
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21
Q

Describe the irregular bones and give examples

A

-they don’t fit into any of the other three categories
–> 24 vertebrae, the sacrum, coccyx

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22
Q

Describe the sesamoid bones and give an example

A

-small bones that form in tendon
–>patella

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23
Q

Describe the flat bone and give examples

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A

-flat and broad surface
–>sternum, ribs, scapula, scapula, skull

24
Q

How many bones are in the vertabral column?

Study These Flashcards
A

33 vertebrae (26 distinct bones)

25
What are the functions of the vertebral column
- provides flexible support for the trunk - protects the spinal cord
26
Where are facets located?
Located in the processes of neural arches (synovial joints)
27
Where are intervertebral discs located?
Located between the vertebral bodies (cartilaginous joints)
28
Intervertebral discs function as...
shock absorbers and allow slight movement so that the column is flexible and resilient
29
What are the 5 segments of the vertebral column
- 7 cervical vertebrae - 12 thoracic vertebrae - 5 lumbar vertebrae - 5 sacral vertebrae - 4 coccygeal vertebrae
30
How does the vertebrae articulate with one another?
By means of facets located in the processes of neural arches and by means of intervertebral discs located between the vertebral bodies
31
What are the 3 types of abnormal curves
-Scoliosis --> abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column -Kyphosis--> exaggerated posterior thoracic curve (humpback) -Lordosis --> exaggerated anterior lumbar curve (sway back)
32
Ligament
Strong, slightly elastic fibrous connective tissue that attaches bones to each other
33
Tendon
Dense, fibrous connectives tissue that attaches muscle to bone
34
What is the function of synovial fluid?
Provides a smooth surface for articulation reducing the friction of movement
35
Name the three classifications of joints
1) Fibrous joints (immoveable) 2) Cartilaginous joints (sightly moveable) 3) Synovial joint (freely moveable)
36
Functions of the synovial joint (2)
1) Lubricates the joint surfaces as they slide over each other during joint movements to reduce friction 2) Provides nutrients to and removes waste from cartilage cells that don't have direct blood supply
37
Name two types of synovial joints and describe
- Hinge joint: uniaxial joint that allows flexion/extension movements Examples: Knee, elbow, ankle, and interphalangeal joints of fingers and toes -Ball and socket joint: multiaxial joint that allows flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction, medial/lateral rotation movements Examples: Shoulder and hip joints
38
Bursa
a small sac filled with synovial fluid located at friction points
39
Where are most bursas located?
Between bone and tendon
40
What are the three cardinal planes
-Frontal plane (divides the body into posterior and anterior) - Sagittal plane (divides the body into right and left sides -Transverse plane (divides the body in upper and lower half)
41
Each plane is _________ to other two
perpendicular
42
Each plane intersects at the ______________
center of gravity
43
Anatomical position
body erect and palm facing outwards
44
The terms of direction
Medial: structures near the midline of the body Lateral: structures away from the midline of the body Superior: toward the head Inferior: toward feet Anterior: to the front Posterior: to the rear Distal: toward the trunk of the body Proximal: away from the trunk of the body Internal: away from the surface of the body External: toward the surface of the body
45
Name the 6 joint movements
1. Flexion/Extension 2. Abduction/Adduction 3. Inward rotation (medial)/ Outward rotation (lateral) 4. Supination, Pronation 5. Elevation/Depression 6. Plantar flexion/Dorsiflexion
46
Name the joint disorders
1. Sprain 2. Dislocation 3. Bursitis 4. Arthritis 5. Subluxation
47
Sprain
Overstretching of ligaments 1st degree: fibers are stretched 2nd degree: partial tear of the ligament 3rd degree: rupture of the ligament
48
Dislocation
Bones are displaced -ligaments are sprained and may even be torn -blood vessels are often ruptured -nerves may be compressed
49
What is the most vulnerable joint to dislocation?
Shoulder and knee
50
Arthritis
Joint inflammation that may be caused by bacterial infection, metabolic disorders and trauma
51
Bursitis
Inflamed bursa caused by infection, exercise or injury
52
Subluxation
Partial dislocation
53
What are the 4 structural limits to flexibility?
1) bony structure of joint 2) ligaments 3) joint capsules 4) Muscle tendon unit
54
The bony structure of the joint?
Cannot be changed with flexibility training (the elbow cant extend further than flat)
55
Muscle tendon unit?
You can improve with stretching exercise to elongate the tissue
56
Collagen
A protein that is the main organic constituent of connective tissue
57
What are the major building blocks of bone
1) Calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate 2) Collagen fibers 3) Water

Bpk 142 (14 decks)

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