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Bpk 142 > Skeleton muscle > Flashcards

Skeleton muscle Flashcards

1
Q

Myology?

A

Scientific study of muscle

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2
Q

Muscle cells (fibers) are the only cell in the body that have the property of ___________ which allow them to shorten and develop ________

A

1) contractility
2) tension

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3
Q

What are 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

1) Skeletal muscle
2) Cardiac muscle
3) Smooth muscle

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4
Q

Describe skeletal muscle

A

1) attaches to and moves the skeleton
2) contractile molecules are very organized giving skeletal muscle a striated (striped) pattern “striated pattern”
3) moves under voluntary control

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5
Q

Skeletal muscle comprises about _____ of the total body weight in women and _____ in men

A

women: 36%
men: 42%

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6
Q

_______ of the skeletal muscle is water and ________ is protein

A

water: 75%
protein: 20%

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7
Q

The remainder of skeletal muslce consists of…

A

1) pigments
2) carbohydrates
3) fats
4) inorganic salts

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8
Q

Describe smooth muscle

A
  • found in walls of hollow organs and blood vessels
  • contractile molecules are not aligned creating a smooth appearance
  • moves under involuntary control
  • connections between cells = syncytium which allows them to contract
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9
Q

Describe cardiac muscle

A
  • the contractile tissue of the heart wall
  • has characteristics of both smooth and skeletal muscle
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10
Q

What are the similarities cardiac muscle has with skeletal muscle

A
  • have contractile molecules that are organized in striations
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11
Q

What are the similarities cardiac muscle has with smooth muscle

A
  • under involuntary control
  • connections between cells that allow them to contract together (syncytium)
  • also facilitates the ejection of blood
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12
Q

Name 5 functions of the skeletal muscle

A

1) produce skeletal movement
2) maintain posture and body position
3) stabilize joints
4) chewing food and talking
5) generate heat to maintain body temperature

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13
Q

The criteria to name muscles

A

1) Shape
2) Action
3) Location
4) Divison
5) Size relationship
6) Directions of the fibers

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14
Q

Example of muscles with shape (4)

A

deltoid (triangle), latissimus (wide), trapezius, rhomboid

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15
Q

Action

A

various muscle names include flexor, extensor, adductor, or pronator (e.g adductor magnus)

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16
Q

Location

A

Tibialis anterior (to the front)
Intercostals (Inter=between, costals=ribs)

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17
Q

Divisions

A

Biceps brachii (bi-two)
Triceps brachii (tri-three)
Quadriceps femoris (quad-four)

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18
Q

Size relationship

A

gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus
several name include the terms “brevis” (short) and “longus” (long)

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19
Q

Directions of fibers

A

tranvere (across): tranverse abdominus
rectus (straight): rectus abdominus

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20
Q

A bundle of muscle fibers is called…

A

Fasciculi

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21
Q

The movement of fasciculi

A

May run parallel to long axis of muscle (greater range of motion, less strength) or insert diagonally into a tendon running the length of muscle (smaller range of motion, greater strength.

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22
Q

What is unipennate and give an example

A

all fasciculi insert on one side of tendon (semimembranosus)

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23
Q

describe bipennate and give an example

A

fasciculi insert on both sides of the tendon (rectus femoris)

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24
Q

Describe multipennate and give an example

A

Convergence of several tendons (deltoids)

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25
Q

describe the longitudinal (strap) and give an example

A

fasciculi run parallel to the long axis of the muscle (sartorius, rectus abdominus)

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26
Q

describe radiate (convergent) and give an example

A

fibers fan out of a single attachment (pectoralis major)

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27
Q

What is a prime mover?

A

a muscle whose contraction is primarily responsible for a particular movement

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28
Q

What is an antagonist muscle?

A
  • a muscle that opposes one another upon contraction
  • (e.g. biceps brachii vs triceps brachii)
  • antagonists are located on the other side of joint
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29
Q

What are fixators/stabilizers?

A

muscles that immobilize joint or bone near the origin of the prime mover, so that the prime mover can act more efficiently

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30
Q

When are more muscle stabilizers required?

A

When using free weights

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31
Q

Origin?

A

less moveable end of the muscle, usually proximal

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32
Q

Insertion?

A

more moveable end of the muscle, usually distal

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33
Q

Belly?

A

the widest portion of the muscle between its origin and the insertion

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34
Q

Most muscles controlling facial expression originate from ________ and insert in the __________

A

1) bone
2) skin

35
Q

The three layers of connective tissue serve in part to maintain ________________ (2)

A

intramuscular pressure

36
Q

which of the 3 layers surrounds the muscle

A

Epimysium

37
Q

which of the 3 layers surround the bundle of muscle fibers (fasciculi)

A

Perimysium

38
Q

which of the 3 surround muscle fibers

A

Endomysium

39
Q

Tendons are extensions of connective tissue membranes beyond the end of the _________

A

muscle

40
Q

Tendons transmit the force of contractile tissue to ________

A

bone

41
Q

Tuberosity

A

a large roughened process on the bone

42
Q

Which is stronger muscle or tendon

A

tendon as it can receive force from a larger number of muscle fibers

43
Q

A muscle cell is a muscle _________

A

fiber

44
Q

what is found within muscle cell/fibers?

A

myofibrils

45
Q

What do myofibrils consist of?

A

Consists of a large array of contractile proteins (sarcomere) and is arranged repeatedly in a series which is what gives skelatal muscle its striated pattern of light and dark areas

46
Q

Each repeated array of contractile proteins is called

A

a sarcomere

47
Q

What are the two major contractile proteins of the sarcomere?

A

1) actin (thin filament)
2) myosin (thick filament)

48
Q

Actin has binding sites for _________

A

myosin

49
Q

What is the most prominent theory of muscle contraction?

A

The sliding filament theory

50
Q

Explain the sliding filament theory

A

This theory suggests when the muscle is activated the protruding cross bridges on myosin attach to actin with the help ATP. The cross-bridge microstructure can “rotate”, thus causing the thin actin filament to slide over myosin. This causes the sarcomere to shorten.

51
Q

What causes the sarcomere to shorten?

A

The rotation of the microstructure causes thin actin filaments to slide over myosin

52
Q

How many capillaries surround each muscle fiber of a sedentary person?

A

about 3-4

53
Q

How many capillaries surround each muscle fiber with training (angiogenesis)

A

up to 7

54
Q

Muscles require good supply of __________ for continued _________ generation

A

1) blood
2) force

55
Q

When muscle force increases does intramuscular pressure increase or decrease?

A

Increas

56
Q

Increase in intramuscular pressure can….

A

restrict blood flow within the muscle

57
Q

What does activation of muscle fiber, in the extreme, produce?

A

maximum force or maximum velocity

58
Q

What do muscle fibers create in between the extremes

A

a combination of force and movement

59
Q

What is the functional unit of a muscle?

A

a motor unit

60
Q

The motor unit is the _________ unit of a muscle

A

functional

61
Q

Where is the cell body of a motor neuron located

A

Spinal cord

62
Q

The ________ of that _________ __________ extends from the spinal cord to the target which may be a few mm away or a few feet away

A

1) axon
2) motor neuron

63
Q

An average motor unit the motor neuron will innervate _______ muscle fibers

A

200

64
Q

If the body of the motor neuron receives a strong enough stimulus what will be generated?

A

An action potential

65
Q

Motor units can be classifies as

A

slow twitch and fast twitch

66
Q

muscle fiber types

A

Type I (slow twitch oxidative)
Type IIa (fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic)
Type IIx (fast glycolytic)

67
Q

Use the muscle ________ technique to determine fiber type proportions in humans

A

biopsy

68
Q

Men, women and children generally have _________ slow twitch fiber

A

45-55%

69
Q

All muscle fibers in a given motor unit will have identical ______ and ________ properties

A

1)contractile
2)metabolic

70
Q

Endurance athletes have higher than the average __________ twitch muscle fibers

A

slow

71
Q

Power athletes have a higher proportion of ________ twitch muscle fibers

A

fast

72
Q

When velocity is positive muscle is _____

A

shortening (concentric contraction)

73
Q

When velocity is negative muscle is ________

A

lengthening (eccentric contraction)

74
Q

When velocity is 0…..

A

there is no shortening of muscle length (isometric)

75
Q

The faster a muscle shortens the _______ __________ it produces

A

Less force

76
Q

(T or F) The faster it lengthens in the eccentric phase, the more force it produces

A

TRUE

77
Q

power = force x velocity

A
78
Q

Three factors that affect the expression of strength by muscle

A

1) initial length of muscle fibers
2) speed of shortening
3) the angle of pull of the muscle on the bony skeleton

79
Q

Sarcopenia

A

age-related decrease in skeletal muscle mass, strength and function

80
Q

Physical characteristics of old age

A

-decrease in skeletal muscle mass and strength
-decrease in physical activity
-decrease in food intake

81
Q

Sarcopenia is caused by

A

-food intake (insufficient protein)
-physical inactivity
-hormonal imbalance

82
Q

Sarcopenia enhances

A

-loss of physical activity
-the risk of disability
-more dependency towards other people
-more medical costs

83
Q

Prevention of sarcopenia

A

-strength training
-hormonal therapy
-dietary intervention
-reduction in sedentary time

Bpk 142 (14 decks)

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