Osteology And Radiology

Question 1

How many bones are in the neurocranium?

Answer 1

8 bones

Question 2

What can we divide the neurocranium into?

Answer 2

Calvaria (skull cap)

Base of skull

Question 3

How many bones make up the viscerocranium?

Answer 3

14 bones

Question 4

What is the only freely moveable joint in the skull?

Answer 4

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

Question 5

The coronal suture is between which bones?

Answer 5

Frontal and parietal

Question 6

The squamous suture is between which bones?

Answer 6

Squamous part of temporal bone and parietal

Question 7

The sagittal suture is between which bones?

Answer 7

The 2 parietal bones

Question 8

The lambdoid suture is between which bones?

Answer 8

Parietal and occipital

Question 9

Where is the bregma?

Answer 9

The joining point of the 2 parietal bones and the frontal bone
(Anterior fontanelle)

Question 10

Where is the pterion?

Answer 10

Joining point of frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones
(One either side)

Question 11

Where is the lambda?

Answer 11

Joining point of 2 parietal bones and occipital bone

Question 12

What are fontanelles?

Answer 12

Membranous areas of unfused skull (soft spots on baby’s head)
Will close in first 2 years of life

Question 13

What are the purposes of the fontanelles?

Answer 13

Flexibility eases passage through birth canal

Allows for brain growth

Question 14

Describe the structures of skull bone

Answer 14

Inner and outer table of hard bone

Area between called diploe = spongy bone

Question 15

Where does the pituitary gland sit?

Answer 15

Sella turcica

Question 16

What are the 4 sinuses called?

Answer 16

Frontal
Ethmoid
Maxillary
Sphenoid

Question 17

What bones make up the hard palate?

Answer 17

Maxillary and palatine bones

Question 18

What imaging would you use for a suspected skull fracture?

Answer 18

CT imaging

Bones show up very clearly

Question 19

What is a lucid interval?

Answer 19

A period of time that can occur after a head injury where the patient is temporarily fine and then deteriorates rapidly

Question 20

What colour is fresh blood on a CT?

Answer 20

White

Question 21

What blood vessel is found just under the pterion?

Answer 21

Anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery

Question 22

Where is an extra dural haemorrhage?

Answer 22

Between the skull periosteum and the outermost meningeal layer (dura mater)

Question 23

What clinical signs are associated with a basilar skull fracture?

Answer 23

CSF rhinorrhoea
Clotted blood in middle ear
Raccoon’s eyes (extensive bruising)
Mastoid bruising

Question 24

What is a Jefferson’s fracture?

Answer 24

Burst fracture of C1
Combination of anterior and posterior arch fractures
Due to axial compression
Can be unstable

Question 25

What is a Hangman's fracture?

Answer 25

Bilateral fracture of posterior arch of C2 Disruption of C2-3 junction Due to hyperflexion of neck High risk of C2 displacement and spinal cord damage

Question 26

What are some features of osteoarthritis of the C spine?

Answer 26

``` Osteophytes Facet joint hypertrophy Disc herniation Disc space narrowing Sclerosis of end plates ```

Question 27

Describe cervical spondylotic radiculopathy

Answer 27

Nerve root impingement | Dermatomal arm pain +/- mild weakness and sensory loss

Question 28

Describe cervical spondylotic myelopathy

Answer 28

Spinal cord compression (or slipped disc) | Loss of function - often loss of fine motor skills in upper limbs

Question 29

What is Battle's sign?

Answer 29

Bruising over the mastoid process

Question 30

What is haemotypanum?

Answer 30

Blood behind the ear drum

Question 31

What are the most common bones to be fractured in the face?

Answer 31

Nasal Zygomatic Mandible

Question 32

Through which foramen does the internal carotid artery enter the skull?

Answer 32

Carotid canal

Question 33

Through which foramen does the middle meningeal artery enter the cranium?

Answer 33

Foramen spinosum

Question 34

Through which foramen does the vertebral artery enter the skull?

Answer 34

Foramen magnum

Question 35

How many fossae are in the floor of the cranial cavity and what do we call them?

Answer 35

3 | Anterior, middle and posterior

Question 36

What are the orbital plates?

Answer 36

Roof of the orbits | Formed by the frontal bone

Question 37

In which bone does the cribriform plate reside?

Answer 37

Ethmoid bone

Question 38

What is the crista gallis?

Answer 38

Bony, sharp prominence of ethmoid Attachment point for dura matter Blow to face can tear dura - CSF rhinorrhoea

Question 39

What clinical sign will occur and why if we fracture the orbital plate?

Answer 39

Blood from within cranial cavity will move into tissue around the orbit Raccoon's eyes - periorbital ecchymosis

Question 40

Which bone divides the anterior and middle fossae?

Answer 40

Sphenoid bone (lesser wing)

Question 41

The sella turcica is in which bone?

Answer 41

Sphenoid

Question 42

If we pass through the foramen rotundum where do we end up?

Answer 42

Pterygopalatine fossa

Question 43

What important nerve passes through the foramen rotundum?

Answer 43

Maxillary branch of the trigeminal (V2)

Question 44

Where do we end up if passing through the foramen ovale?

Answer 44

Infratemporal fossa

Question 45

Which important nerve passes through the foramen ovale?

Answer 45

Mandibular branch of the trigeminal (V3)

Question 46

What passes through the foramen lacerum?

Answer 46

In life nothing passes through it, covered in cartilage | Internal carotid passes over the top though

Question 47

Where does the carotid canal run through?

Answer 47

Petrous part of the temporal bone

Question 48

Which blood vessel runs into the cavernous sinus?

Answer 48

Internal carotid artery

Question 49

How do we remember the 4 foramen of the cranial base?

Answer 49

ROLS | Rotundum, ovale, lacerum, spinosum

Question 50

What forms the boundary between the middle and posterior fossae?

Answer 50

Petrous part of the temporal bone

Question 51

Which nerves pass through the internal acoustic meatus?

Answer 51

``` Vestibulocochlear nerve Facial nerve (out at the stylomastoid foramen) ```

Question 52

Which nerves pass through the jugular foramen?

Answer 52

Glossopharyngeal Vagus Accessory