Eye Flashcards

(57 cards)

1
Q

Describe the path of tears

A

Lacrimal gland under edge of eyebrow - drains into eye
Lacrimal canals drain tears from eye into lacrimal sac
This drains into the nasolacrimal duct which drains into inferior meatus of the nasal cavity

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2
Q

Which bones make up the orbit?

A
Sphenoid 
Frontal 
Ethmoid
Lacrimal 
Maxillary 
Zygomatic
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3
Q

Which fissure is palpable on the outer edge of the orbit?

A

Frontal-zygomatic

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4
Q

What are the boundaries of the orbit?

A
Apex = optic canal
Superior = frontal and sphenoid 
Lateral = zygomatic and sphenoid
Medial = ethmoid, maxillary, lacrimal and sphenoid 
Inferior = maxillary and zygomatic
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5
Q

Which is the weakest border of the orbit?

A

Inferior

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6
Q

The optic canal lies in which bone?

A

Sphenoid

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7
Q

The SOF lies in which bone?

A

Sphenoid

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8
Q

The IOF lies in which bone?

A

Sphenoid

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9
Q

What runs through the optic canal?

A

Optic nerve

Ophthalmic artery

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10
Q

What runs through the SOF?

A
Branches of ophthalmic nerve (V1) 
Trochlear nerve 
Abducens nerve 
Branches of oculomotor 
Superior ophthlamic vein
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11
Q

What runs through the IOF?

A

Inferior ophthalmic vein

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12
Q

Which part of the eyeball is the iris?

A

Coloured part

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13
Q

Describe the lens of the eyeball

A

Focuses light onto back of retina
Held by suspensory ligaments attached to ciliary bodies
Relax and contract to focus the lens

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14
Q

What is the macula/fovea?

A

Area of most accurate vision

Well adapted to convert light energy to signals in the optic nerve

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15
Q

What is the optic disc?

A

The blind spot

Where the optic nerve enters the retina

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16
Q

What are the 3 broad layers of the eyeball?

A

Outer fibrous
Middle vascular
Inner - retina

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17
Q

Which parts of the eyeball make up the outer fibrous layer?

A

Sclera
Cornea
(Continuous)

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18
Q

What is the role of the outer fibrous layer of eyeball?

A

Maintains shape of eyeball

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19
Q

What parts of the eyeball make up the middle vascular layer?

A

Iris
Ciliary body
Choroid

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20
Q

Which part of the eyeball contains all the light cells?

A

Retina

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21
Q

Where do all the arteries and veins come in and out of the eyeball?

A

Optic disc

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22
Q

Where is the optic disc in relation to the fovea?

A

Optic disc is always on the nasal side

Fovea lateral to this

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23
Q

Describe retinal detachment

A
Can see tears/retina has moved down 
Can have surgery to reattach 
If left without a blood supply for too long then will not heal 
Partial/total blindness can follow 
Following high impact to face
24
Q

What are the 3 meningeal layers?

A

Dura matter
Arachnoid matter
Pia matter

25
Why do we get photophobia with meningitis?
The optic nerve is a continuation of the brain Has the same meningeal layers Therefore inflammation occurs around the nerve
26
How many segments of the eye are there and what are they called?
2 | Anterior and posterior
27
What is found within the posterior segment of the eye?
Vitreous body | Keeps shape
28
What is found within the anterior segment of the eye?
Anterior and posterior chambers Both contain aqueous humor Split by iris
29
Why do we have aqueous humor in the eye?
Lens is avascular | This is how it gets nutrients
30
How does aqueous humor drain?
Via trabecular meshwork Into veins Constant flow
31
Describe open angle glaucoma
Blockage in the meshwork Aqueous humor build up Anterior chamber becomes more distended - angle between cornea and iris gets bigger Comes on slowly
32
What are cataracts?
When the lens becomes more and more opaque
33
What are the actions of superior and inferior oblique?
Superior - allows us to look down when looking medially | Inferior - allows us to look up when looking medially
34
Describe a blow out fracture
High impact to eye breaks inferior border Contents of orbit drop down - tear drop sign on CT Blood can collect in maxillary sinus Cannot look up with affected eye because inferior rectus stuck - tethered down
35
Describe blood supply to the eye
Ophthalmic artery (from ICA) Gives rise to central retinal artery - travels with optic nerve End arteries
36
How does occlusion appear on an ophthalmoscope?
Seen as a cherry red spot on a pale background
37
Describe the venous drainage of the eye
Central retinal vein > superior ophthalmic vein > cavernous sinus
38
What is the conjunctiva?
A thin, clear film on top of everything else in the eye
39
Describe conjunctivitis
Inflammation, redness and watering of eye Can be bacterial or viral Very common Give eyedrops to treat
40
What are the functions of the eyelid?
Protect from injury, excessive light and dryness
41
What are the 2 parts of the conjunctiva?
``` Bulbar = covers eyeball itself Palpebral = covers inner surfaces of the eyelids ```
42
What is the main muscle for opening the eye?
Levator palpebrae superioris
43
What are tarsal glands?
In the eyelid Sebaceous gland - oily Can get cysts/swellings
44
What are ciliary glands?
Base of eyelashes - secrete lipid to help prevent evaporation Can get blocked = stye
45
How do you treat a stye?
Some need Abx | Others just warm, salty water
46
Which nerve innervates levator palpebrae superioris?
Oculomotor (III)
47
What is the palpebral fissure?
The opening between the eyelids
48
What is the lacrimal punctum?
Small openings at medial eye to collect tears
49
What is the limbus of the eye?
Border of the coloured part of the eye | Junction of cornea and sclerae
50
What is the choroid?
Pigmented vascular layer of eyeball between retina and sclerae Contains CT Melanin helps choroid limit uncontrolled reflection in the eye
51
How do we test visual acuity?
``` (Optic nerve) Wear glasses if needed, assess each eye Near vision - record smallest print can read Distance vision - Snellen chart Can test colours via Ichihara plate ```
52
How do we test visual field?
Test one eye at a time Mirror the pt - you cover eye too Test extremities of vision in an X - ask them to say yes when they see your finger wiggling
53
What is accommodation of the eyes?
Convergence of the eyes with pupillary constriction | Focusing on an object away and then close
54
Describe how we test the eye light reflex
Pupil constricts to light stimulus - consensual so happens in both eyes even though light directed at one Rapid test - move light quickly between the two and pupils should not have time to dilate
55
What are the different limbs of light reflex?
``` Afferent = optic nerve Efferent = Oculomotor ```
56
Which nerves are you testing with eye movements?
III, IV and VI
57
How do we test eye movements?
One eye at a time, other covered | Make a H shape and ask them to follow with their eye - without moving head