Osteology, Arthrology & Myology of the Thorax

Question 1

What are the boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture?

Answer 1

posterior - T1
lateral - 1st ribs and costal cartilage
anterior - superior border of manubrium

Question 2

What are the contents of the superior thoracic aperture?

Answer 2

• trachea
• esophagus

-nerves/vessels that supply/drain the head, neck, and upper extremities

Question 3

What are the boundaries of the inferior thoracic aperture?

Answer 3

posterior - T12
posterolateral - 11th and 12th ribs
anterolateral - joined costal cartilages of ribs 7-10
anterior - xiphisternal joint

Question 4

What are the contents of the inferior thoracic aperture?

Answer 4

esophagus
inferior vena cava
aorta

Question 5

Name the three bones of the sternum.

Answer 5

manubrium of the sternum
body of the sternum
xiphoid process of the sternum

Question 6

Name the most superior notch on the manubrium of the sternum.

Answer 6

suprasternal notch

Question 7

What are the superolateral notches on the manubrium of the sternum called and with what do they articulate?

Answer 7

clavicular notches; articulate with the clavicle

Question 8

What are the notches on the lateral aspect of the sternum called?

Answer 8

costal notches

7 of them

Question 9

Where is the first costal notch?

Answer 9

on the lateral aspects of the manubrium of the sternum

Question 10

Where is the second costal notch?

Answer 10

on the lateral aspects of both the manubrium and the body of the sternum

Question 11

Where are costal notches 3-6?

Answer 11

on the lateral aspects of the body of the sternum

Question 12

Where is the 7th costal notch?

Answer 12

on the lateral aspects of both the body of the sternum and the xiphoid process of the sternum

Question 13

What is the anterior portion of the manubriosternal joint called?

Answer 13

sternal angle

Question 14

What are the true (vertebrocostal) ribs?

Answer 14

Ribs 1-7

Question 15

What are the false (vertebrochondral) ribs?

Answer 15

Ribs 8-10

Question 16

What are the floating (vertebral) ribs?

Answer 16

Ribs 11 and 12

Question 17

What ribs are the atypical ribs?

Answer 17

Ribs 1, 2, 10-12

Question 18

What are the typical ribs?

Answer 18

Ribs 3-9

Question 19

Which pair of ribs is the shortest and broadest?

Answer 19

1st ribs

Question 20

Which ribs are most sharply curved?

Answer 20

1st ribs

Question 21

Name the landmarks (anterior to posterior) on the superior aspect of the 1st rib.

Answer 21

• groove for the subclavian V.
• scalene tubercle
• groove for the subclavian A.

Question 22

How many articular facets are on Ribs 1 and 10-12?

Answer 22

one

Question 23

What is the shape of the second ribs?

Answer 23

short

broad

Question 24

What is the anatomical feature on the superior aspect of the second rib?

Answer 24

tuberosity for serratus anterior

Question 25

Which ribs do not articulate with the sternum?

Answer 25

Ribs 11 and 12

Question 26

True or False: Ribs 11 and 12 have no tubercle and thus, no neck.

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Which ribs are most commonly fractured?

Answer 27

middle ribs

Question 28

Where is the most common fracture site of the ribs?

Answer 28

just anterior to the costal angle

Question 29

What are symptoms of a rib fracture?

Answer 29

severe pain with respiration, coughing, etc.

Question 30

What are supernumerary ribs?

Answer 30

ribs in the C-spine or L-spine

Question 31

What are symptoms of cervical ribs?

Answer 31

neural or circulatory problems based on proximity to brachial plexus and subclavian A.

Question 32

What is a problem associated with lumbar ribs?

Answer 32

they can cause confusion when reading diagnostic images

Question 33

What anatomical structures of a thoracic vertebra articulate with the ribs?

Answer 33

superior costal facet inferior costal facet transverse costal facet

Question 34

With what does the superior costal facet of a thoracic vertebra articulate?

Answer 34

the inferior facet of the same numbered rib

Question 35

With what does the inferior costal facet of a thoracic vertebra articulate?

Answer 35

the superior facet of the rib one number down

Question 36

With what does the transverse costal facet of a thoracic vertebra articulate?

Answer 36

the costal tubercle of the same numbered rib

Question 37

What are the two types of movements at the costovertebral joint?

Answer 37

- pump handle | - bucket handle

Question 38

Describe the pump handle movement.

Answer 38

elevation of the sternal end of the rib -increases anterior to posterior diameter of the thorax

Question 39

Describe the bucket handle movement.

Answer 39

elevation of the lateral portion of the rib -increases the transverse diameter of the thorax

Question 40

What is the purpose of the two movements of the costovertebral joint?

Answer 40

-increase volume of the ribcage when breathing

Question 41

What type of joint is the manubriosternal joint?

Answer 41

symphysis

Question 42

What bones are involved in the manubriosternal joint?

Answer 42

manubrium of the sternum | body of the sternum

Question 43

What ligaments are involved in the manubriosternal joint?

Answer 43

none

Question 44

What type of joint is the xiphisternal joint?

Answer 44

synchondrosis

Question 45

What bones are involved in the xiphisternal joint?

Answer 45

body of the sternum | xiphoid process

Question 46

What ligaments are involved in the xiphisternal joint?

Answer 46

none

Question 47

What type of joint is the 1st sternocostal joint?

Answer 47

synchondrosis

Question 48

What bones or cartilage are involved in the 1st sternocostal joint?

Answer 48

1st costal cartilage | manubrium of the sternum

Question 49

What ligaments are involved in the 1st sternocostal joint?

Answer 49

anterior radiate sternocostal L. posterior radiate sternocostal L.

Question 50

What type of joint are the 2nd through 7th sternocostal joints?

Answer 50

planar synovial

Question 51

What bones or cartilage are involved in the 2nd through 7th sternocostal joints?

Answer 51

2nd-7th costal cartilages | body of the sternum

Question 52

What ligaments are involved in the 2nd-7th sternocostal joints?

Answer 52

anterior radiate sternocostal L. posterior radiate sternocostal L.

Question 53

What type of joint are the thoracic vertebral joints?

Answer 53

symphysis

Question 54

What bones are involved in the thoracic vertebral joints?

Answer 54

adjacent vertebral bodies bound by intervertebral discs

Question 55

What ligaments are involved in the thoracic vertebral joints?

Answer 55

anterior longitudinal L. | posterior longitudinal L.

Question 56

What type of joints are the zygapophyseal joints?

Answer 56

planar synovial

Question 57

What bones are involved in the zygapophyseal joints?

Answer 57

inferior articulating processes of one vertebra and the superior articulating processes of the vertebra below

Question 58

What ligaments are involved in the zygapophyseal joints?

Answer 58

anterior longitudinal L. | posterior longitudinal L.

Question 59

What type of joints are the costovertebral joints?

Answer 59

planar synovial

Question 60

What bones are involved in the costovertebral joints?

Answer 60

inferior facet of a rib w/ the superior costal facet of the same numbered vertebra superior facet of a rib w/ the inferior costal facet of the vertebra one number above

Question 61

What ligaments are involved in the costovertebral joints?

Answer 61

radiate L. intra-articular L. (joins crest of head of the rib to the intervertebral disc)

Question 62

What type of joints are the costotransverse joint?

Answer 62

planar synovial

Question 63

What bones are involved in the costotransverse joint?

Answer 63

costal tubercle transverse costal facet of the same numbered vertebra

Question 64

What ligaments are involved in the costotransverse joints?

Answer 64

superior costotransverse L. | lateral costotransverse L.

Question 65

What type of joints are the costochondral joints?

Answer 65

synchondrosis

Question 66

What bones are involved in the costochondral joints?

Answer 66

lateral end of the costal cartilage | sternal end of ribs

Question 67

What ligaments are involved in the costochondral joints?

Answer 67

none

Question 68

What type of joints are the interchondral joints of ribs 7-8 and 8-9?

Answer 68

planar synovial -adjacent costal cartilages

Question 69

What types of joints are the interchondral joints of ribs 9-10?

Answer 69

fibrous -adjacent costal cartilages

Question 70

What ligaments are involved in the interchondral joints?

Answer 70

none

Question 71

At what joint is a rib dislocation?

Answer 71

sternocostal

Question 72

At what joint is a rib separation?

Answer 72

costochondral

Question 73

What are the three layers of intercostal muscles, superficial to deep?

Answer 73

external intercostal mm. internal intercostal mm. innermost intercostal mm.

Question 74

What is the action of the external intercostal muscles?

Answer 74

elevates ribs during forced inhalation

Question 75

What is the action of the internal intercostal muscles?

Answer 75

depresses ribs

Question 76

What is the innervation for the intercostal muscles?

Answer 76

intercostal N.

Question 77

Between which two layers of intercostal muscles lies the neurovascular bundle?

Answer 77

internal intercostal mm. and innermost intercostal mm.

Question 78

What are the attachments of the transverse thoracic muscles?

Answer 78

posterior surface of lower sternum internal surfaces of 2nd-6th costal cartilages

Question 79

What is the action of the transverse thoracic muscles?

Answer 79

weakly depresses ribs

Question 80

What are the attachments of the subcostal muscles?

Answer 80

internal surface of lower ribs near the costal angle superior border of 2nd or third ribs below

Question 81

What is the action of the subcostal muscles?

Answer 81

depresses ribs

Question 82

What is the innervation of the transverse thoracic muscles?

Answer 82

intercostal N.

Question 83

What is the innervation of the subcostal muscles?

Answer 83

intercostal N.

Question 84

What is thoracentesis?

Answer 84

- insertion of hypodermic needle through intercostal mm. b/w ribs - obtain fluid sample or drain pleural cavity

Question 85

Why is it important to insert a needle directly BETWEEN ribs?

Answer 85

avoid damage to neurovascular bundle along the inferior side of one rib and its collateral branches on the superior side of the rib below

Question 86

What is the purpose of a chest tube?

Answer 86

to remove large amounts of air, fluid, or blood from the pleural cavity

Question 87

Where is a chest tube normally inserted?

Answer 87

in the 5th or 6th intercostal space

Question 88

What is a thoroscopy?

Answer 88

insertion of a thoroscope into pleural cavity for visualizing or biopsying the space