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CardioPulmRenal > Respiratory Histology > Flashcards

Respiratory Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What structures comprise the conducting portion of the respiratory tract?

A
  • nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx
  • trachea
  • primary, secondary, tertiary bronchi
  • conducting and terminal bronchioles
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2
Q

What is the function of the conducting portion of the respiratory tract?

A
  • warm, filter, and humidify air
  • transmit air to the respiratory portion
  • no gas exchange
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3
Q

What structures comprise the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract?

A
  • respiratory bronchioles

- alveolar ducts and sacs

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4
Q

What is the function of the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract?

A

-pass air to alveoli for gas exchange

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5
Q

What is the larynx?

A

-short passage for air b/w the pharynx and the trachea

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6
Q

What substance reinforces the walls of the larynx?

A
  • hyaline cartilage

- smaller elastic cartilages

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7
Q

What type of cells are found in the true vocal cords?

A
  • nonkeratinized stratified squamous

- -protects mucosa from abrasions

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8
Q

What is found deep to the true vocal cords?

A
  • vocalis m.

- -allows movement of the vocal folds

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9
Q

What is the trachea?

A
  • short, flexible tube that serves as a conduit for air

- connects larynx to main bronchi

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10
Q

What structure keeps the lumen of the trachea open?

A

-C-shaped ring of hyaline cartilage

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11
Q

What cell type is found in the trachea?

A

-pseudostratified ciliated columnar

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12
Q

True or False: the trachea has many submucosal glands

A

True

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13
Q

What type of cells are goblet cells?

A

-modified columnar epithelial cells

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14
Q

What is the role of goblet cells?

A

-synthesize and secrete mucous

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15
Q

What is a histological characteristic of a goblet cell?

A

-apical cytoplasm contains mucigen granules

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16
Q

Does the trachea have goblet cells?

A

Yes, numerous!

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17
Q

What cell type is found in the bronchi?

A

-pseudostratified ciliated columnar

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18
Q

What are histological characteristics of cells in the bronchi?

A
  • shorter cells
  • fewer goblet cells
  • few submucosal glands
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19
Q

Describe the cartilaginous rings in the bronchi?

A
  • full cartilage rings instead of C-shape in trachea

- transition to irregular cartilage plates

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20
Q

What is the size of the bronchi?

A

> 1 mm diameter

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21
Q

What is the size of the bronchioles?

A

< 1 mm diameter

22
Q

What cell type is found in the conducting bronchioles?

A
  • large: simple ciliated columnar

- small: simple cuboidal

23
Q

Do bronchioles have cartilage?

A

No

24
Q

What are histological characteristics of conducting bronchioles?

A
  • few goblet cells (club cells instead)
  • increased elastic fibers
  • prominent smooth muscle
25
Q

What cell type are found in the terminal bronchioles?

A
  • simple cuboidal

- club cells

26
Q

What are club cells?

A
  • non-ciliated, dome-shaped
  • secrete a lipoprotein
  • prevents luminal adhesion w/airway collapse
  • detoxification by antimicrobial peptides
27
Q

What type of cells are found in the respiratory bronchioles?

A
  • simple cuboidal

- club cells

28
Q

What is a histological characteristic of respiratory bronchioles?

A
  • mucosa contain openings to alveoli

- moving distally, alveoli become more numerous and group together

29
Q

What are alveolar sacs?

A

-clusters of 2+ alveoli

30
Q

What are alveolar rings?

A

-aggregates of smooth muscle, collagen, and elastic fibers that form rings around alveolar ducts

31
Q

What type of cells are found at the alveolar level?

A

-simple squamous

–most efficient for oxygen absorption

32
Q

What are histological characteristics at the alveolar level?

A
  • lots of capillaries

- Type I and Type II pneumocytes

33
Q

What are alveoli?

A

-blind-ended sacs lined with pneumocytes

34
Q

What are alveolar pores?

A

-small openings that permit movement of air b/w alveoli

35
Q

What type of cells are Type I pneumocytes?

A

-squamous

36
Q

Where are Type I pneumocytes found?

A
  • lining almost the entire alveolar surface

- closely associated w/ capillaries

37
Q

What is the role of Type I pneumocytes?

A

-create a surface for gas exchange

38
Q

What type of cells are Type II pneumocytes?

A

-cuboidal/rounded

39
Q

What is the role of Type II pneumocytes?

A
  • secrete surfactant via exocytosis

- precursor for Type I and Type II pneumocytes

40
Q

What are the components of the Blood-Air Barrier?

A
  • Type 1 pneumocytes
  • fused basal lamina
  • capillary endothelial cells
41
Q

Pathology: Asthma

A
  • chronic inflammatory disease
  • bronchospasms

-infiltration of bronchiolar wall by eosinophils, lymphocytes, and mast cells

42
Q

What are histological changes as a result of chronic asthma?

A
  • thick bronchiolar epithelium
  • increased goblet cells
  • thick basement membrane
  • hyperplastic smooth muscle
43
Q

What are symptoms of asthma?

A
  • wheezing
  • dyspnea
  • productive cough
44
Q

Pathology: Emphysema

A

-permanent enlargement of air spaces distal to terminal bronchiole

  • destruction of alveolar walls
  • significant loss of gas exchange
45
Q

What are histological characteristics of emphysema?

A
  • loss of elastic fibers in bronchioles

- - narrower bronchioles

46
Q

What are the causes of emphysema?

A
  • smoking
  • chronic inhalation of particulates
  • autoimmune
47
Q

What are the symptoms of emphysema?

A

-dyspnea, cough, weight loss

48
Q

Pathology: Pneumonia

A
  • inflammation of lung tissue

- air spaces filled with fluid exudate containing WBC, RBC, and fibrin

49
Q

What are histological characteristics of pneumonia?

A
  • red hepatization stage, looks like liver

- enlarged capillaries congested with RBC

50
Q

What does a lung with pneumonia look like on gross examination?

A
  • red
  • firm
  • heavy
51
Q

What are symptoms of pneumonia?

A
  • fever and chills
  • productive cough
  • decreased breath sounds
  • crackles

CardioPulmRenal (18 decks)

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