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Clinical Anatomy > Osteology & Joints of the Lower Limb > Flashcards

Osteology & Joints of the Lower Limb Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the longest and heaviest bone in the body?

A

Femur

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2
Q

The femur is approximately what length of a persons height?

A

approx 1/4 of persons height

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3
Q

What makes up the proximal end of the femur?

A

Head of the femur
Neck of the femur
Trochanters
Greater trochanter
Lesser trochanter
Intertrochanteric line
Intertrochanteric crest
Trochanteric fossa

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4
Q

What makes up the body of the femur?

A

Linea aspera (medial & lateral lips)
Spiral line, pectineal line and gluteal tuberosity
Supracondylar lines (medial & lateral)

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5
Q

What makes up the distal end of the femur?

A

Femoral condyles
Femoral epicondyles
Patellar surface
Adductor tubercle
Intercondylar fossa

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6
Q

What is the largest sesamoid bone in the body?

A

Patella

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7
Q

Patella is broad and thick at the base which makes it ideal for which muscle to attach?

A

quadriceps femoris muscle

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8
Q

Which area of the knee articulates with the femur?

A

Posterior surface articulates with femur and has medial and lateral facets which slope away from a smooth ridge

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9
Q

Which is bigger, the lateral or medial facet of the patella?

A

Lateral facet is larger than the medial facet for articulation with the larger corresponding surface on the lateral condyle of the femur

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10
Q

What way will the patella tilt, when the posterior side is placed onto a smooth surface?

A

Patella will tilt to lateral side when the posterior side is placed onto a smooth surface, useful for identifying if it is a left or right bone

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11
Q

How are the tibia and fibula connected?

A

by an interosseous membrane and proximal and distal tibiofibular joints

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12
Q

What makes up the proximal end of the tibia?

A

Tibial plateau
Medial and lateral condyles
Intercondylar eminence

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13
Q

What makes up the body of the tibia?

A

Borders and surfaces
Tibial tuberosity (distal attachment for patella ligament)
Soleal line

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14
Q

What is the name of the Distal end articular facets?

A

Medial Malleolus

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15
Q

What bone in the leg is non weight bearing?

A

Fibula

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16
Q

What is the main purpose of the fibula?

A

Mainly serves for muscle attachment

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17
Q

What is the name of the proximal end of the fibula?

A

Head of the fibula

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18
Q

What makes up the body of the femur?

A

3 surfaces and 3 borders

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19
Q

What is the name of the distal end of the fibula?

A

Lateral Malleolus

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20
Q

Head of femur articulates with what?

A

Round head of femur articulates with the cup-like acetabulum of the hip bone

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21
Q

What are the movements of the hip joint?

A

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation, and circumduction

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22
Q

The rim of acetabulum is raised slightly by a what?

A

fibrocartilaginous collar

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23
Q

What does the non-articular acetabular fossa contain?

A

fat and loose connective tissue. And the attachment of the ligament of the head of femur.

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24
Q

What ligament is anterior to hip joint. Attaches between ilium (between AIIS and margin of acetabulum) and intertrochanteric line of femur?

A

Iliofemoral ligament

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25
What ligament is anteroinferior to hip joint. Attaches from the iliopubic eminence and obturator membrane, and blends into the joint capsule laterally?
Pubofemoral ligament
26
What ligament is posterior to hip joint. Attaches between ischium (posteroinferior to acetabulum) and greater trochanter?
Ischiofemoral ligament
27
What ligament sits Inferiorly, labrum bridges across acetabular notch as transverse acetabular ligament & converts notch into foramen?
Transverse acetabular ligament
28
What ligament is a flat band of delicate connective tissue. Attaches between fovea on head of femur and acetabular fossa, transverse acetabular ligament and margin of acetabular notch?
Ligament of the head of the femur
29
What are the 5 Extracapsular Ligaments of the knee?
1. Patella ligament 2. Lateral collateral ligament 3. Medial collateral ligament 4. Oblique popliteal ligament 5. Arcuate popliteal ligament
30
What tendon/ligament is the anterior ligament of the knee?
Patellar Ligament/Tendon
31
Where is the Patellar Ligament/Tendon located to and from?
From: Apex and margins of patella To: Tibial tuberosity Blends with medial and lateral patella retinacula (expansions of vastus medialis and lateralis that support the capsule laterally)
32
What does a patella tendon/ligament rupture result in?
Rupture results in patella alta (displaced superiorly)
33
Where is the Lateral Collateral Ligament located?
From: lateral epicondyle of femur To: Lateral surface of head of fibula Tendon of popliteus passes deep, separating it from the lateral meniscus
34
Describe the Medial Collateral Ligament?
Strong flat band, but is weaker than the fibular collateral ligament and often damaged during sports
35
Where is the medial collateral ligament located?
From: Medial epicondyle of femur To: Medial condyle of tibia At its midpoint, the deep fibres of the medial collateral ligament are firmly attached to the medial meniscus
36
What are the Intra-Articular Structures of the knee?
1. Anterior Cruciate Ligament 2. Posterior Cruciate Ligament 3. Medial Meniscus 4. Lateral Meniscus
37
What are menisci?
Crescent shaped plates of fibrocartilage
38
What do menisci look like and what is their function?
Thicker at their external margins and taper to thin unattached edges in the interior of the joint Attached at their ends to the intercondylar area of the tibia External margins attach to the capsule (coronary ligaments) Transverse ligament joins their anterior edges, allowing them to move together Deepens the surface and acts like shock absorbers
39
What is the medial meniscus?
“C” shaped Anterior and posterior ends attach to the anterior and posterior intercondylar areas of the tibia Firmly adheres to the deep surface of the medial collateral ligament
39
What is the medial meniscus?
“C” shaped Anterior and posterior ends attach to the anterior and posterior intercondylar areas of the tibia Firmly adheres to the deep surface of the medial collateral ligament
40
What is the lateral meniscus?
“O” shaped Anterior and posterior ends attach to the anterior and posterior intercondylar areas of the tibia Smaller and more freely movable Posterior meniscofemoral ligament joins the lateral meniscus to the PCL and the medial femoral condyle
41
What are the cruciate ligaments?
In the centre of the joint, crossing each other to form an ‘X’
42
Where does the Anterior Cruciate Ligament go from and to?
From: Anterior intercondylar area of the tibia posterior to attachment of medial meniscus To: Posterior part of medial side of the lateral condyle of the femur Is slack when the knee is flexed, and taut when it is fully extended
43
What does the ACL prevent?
Prevents posterior displacement of the femur on the tibia and hyperextension of the knee joint. It also prevents excessive tibial medial and lateral rotation, as well as varus and valgus stresses.
44
True or False? The ACL provides approximately 85% of total restraining force of anterior translation of the tibia.
true
45
Which is stronger, the ACL or PCL?
PCL The PCL is twice as thick as the ACL which results in less injuries than the ACL due to the stronger nature. As a result, PCL injuries are less common than ACL injuries.
46
Where does the Posterior Cruciate Ligament go from and to?
From: Posterior intercondylar area of the tibia To: Anterior part of lateral surface of medial condyle of the femur
47
What does the PCL prevent?
Prevents anterior displacement of the femur on the tibia, or posterior displacement of the tibial on the femur Helps prevent hyperextension of the knee
48
What is the role of the PCL?
It acts as the major stabilizing ligament of the knee and prevents the tibia from excessive posterior displacement in relation to the femur. It also functions to prevent hyper-extension and limits internal rotation, adduction and abduction at the knee joint.
49
What are the names of the bursae anterior to the knee?
supra-patella bursa prepatellar bursa superficial infra-patellar bursa deep infrapatellar bursa
50
What are the names of the bursae posterior to the knee?
popliteus bursa semimembrenosus bursa semitendinosus bursa gastrocnemius bursa gracilis bursa biceps bursa sartorius bursa
51
What type of joint is the Proximal Tibiofibular Joint?
plane-type synovial joint
52
How does the Proximal Tibiofibular Joint work?
Facet on fibular head articulates with a facet located posterolaterally on the lateral tibial condyle
53
What are ligaments associated with the Proximal Tibiofibular joint?
Anterior tibiofibular Posterior tibiofibular
54
Which joint is weakest and most prone to injury in plantarflexion?
Talocrural joint
55
What do the lateral ligaments of the foot stabilize?
the ankle during inversion
56
Which ligament is described as - Weak, flat band extending from lateral malleolus to neck of the talus?
Anterior talofibular (ATFL)
57
Which ligament is described as - Strong, thick band from the malleolar fossa to the lateral tubercle of the talus?
Posterior talofibular
58
Which ligament is described as -Round cord from the tip of the lateral malleolus to the lateral surface of the calcaneus ?
Calcaneofibular (CFL)
59
(High ankle sprain) Forced hyperflexion of the talocrural joint causes damage to the?
Anterior Inferior Tibiofibular ligament (AITFL)
60
What do the medial ligaments of the foot stabilize?
the ankle during eversion
61
The deltoid ligament is made up of what ligaments?
1. Tibionavicular 2. Anterior tibiotalar 3. Posterior tibiotalar 4. Tibiocalcaneal
62
Describe the Distal Tibiofibular Joint?
Fibrous joint Rough triangular area on medial surface of distal end of fibula articulates with facet on distal end of tibia Ligaments Interosseous, Anterior inferior tibiofibular, Posterior inferior tibiofibular
63
What are the names of the 7 tarsal bones?
Calcaneus Talus Navicular Cuboid 3 Cuneiforms Medial Intermediate Lateral cuneiform
64
How many metatarsal bones are there?
5
65
What are the most important joints of the foot?
Subtalar Transverse tarsal joints which are two in number: Talocalcaneonavicular Calcaneocuboid
66
Where is the subtalar joint located and what is it's actions?
Between inferior surface of the talus the superior surface of the calcaneous Supported by the medial, lateral and posterior and interosseous talocalcaneal ligaments Inversion and eversion of the foot mainly occur at this joint
67
Where is the transversetalar joints and what articulates with what?
Transversetalar joints Talocalcaneonavicular Talus articulates with navicular and calcaneous
68
Where is the Calcaneocuboid located?
Between anterior surface of calcaneus and posterior surface of cuboid
69
Where is the Interphalangeal joint of the foot?
Between the head of one phalanx and the base of the one distal to it
70
Where is the Metatarsophalangeal joint?
Heads of the metatarsals articulate with the bases of the proximal phalanges Sesamoid bones in the two tendons of flexor hallucis brevis
71
Where is the Tarsometatarsal joint?
Four anterior tarsal bones articulate with the bases of the metatarsal bones
72
What are the roles of the arches of the foot?
Bones of the foot arranged in longitudinal and transverse arches Act as shock absorbers Support weight of the body Propels body forward during gait
73
What is the longitudinal arch of the foot composed of?
Composed of medial and lateral parts Acts with the transverse arch to spread the weight in all directions
74
What is the medial arch (part) of the foot composed of?
Higher and more important than the lateral longitudinal arch Composed of calcaneus, talus, navicular, three cuneiforms, and three metatarsals Tibialis anterior and fibularis longus tendon helps to strengthen this arch
75
What is the lateral arch (part) of the foot composed of?
Flatter and rests on the ground during standing Composed of calcaneus, cuboid, and lateral two metatarsals
76
What is the transverse arch of the foot composed of?
Formed by cuboid, cuneiforms, and bases of the metatarsals Medial and lateral parts of the longitudinal arch act as pillars for the transverse arch Tendon of fibularis longus helps maintain the arch
77
Integrity of Arches is maintained by?
Shape of interlocking bones Muscle tendons: 1. Tibialis anterior 2. Tibialis posterior 3. Fibularis longus Plantar ligaments 1.Plantar cacaneonavicular ligament 2.Long and short plantar ligaments Plantar aponeurosis
78
Describe the Plantar calcaneonavicular (“spring”) ligament?
Main supporter of medial longitudinal arch From sustentaculum tali to posteroinferior surface of the navicular
79
Describe the Long plantar ligament?
Main supporter of lateral longitudinal arch From plantar surface of calcaneus to groove on cuboid and slips to the metatarsals forming a tunnel for the tendon.
80
Describe the Short plantar (calcaneocuboid) ligament?
Aids the above ligaments in supporting the longitudinal arch From calcaneus to the cuboid
81
What are the functions of Plantar Aponeurosis (Plantar fascia)?
Holds parts of the foot together Maintains the longitudinal arch Protects the plantar surface from injury
82
What are the attachments of the Plantar Aponeurosis (Plantar fascia)?
Arises from the posterior surface of calcaneus and split into 5 bands that are attached to the fibrous digital sheaths. Lateral part extends from tuberosity of calcaneous to tuberosity of 5th metatarsal bone Aids long plantar ligament to maintain lateral longitudinal arch Medial part attaches to sesamoid bones Strengthens the medial longitudinal arch when standing on the toes

Clinical Anatomy (21 decks)

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