Other

Question 1

Haemochromatosis: potential effect on urogenital system?

Answer 1

testicular atrophy

Question 2

Haemophilia: mode of inheritance?

Answer 2

X linked recessive

Question 3

MS: what cells are affected?

Answer 3

oligodendrocytes

Question 4

Broca’s: blood supply?

Answer 4

superior MCA

(thrombosis may cause expressive aphasia)

Question 5

Wernicke’s: blood supply?

Answer 5

inferior MCA

(thrombosis may cause receptive aphasia)

Question 6

What cancer is commonly caused by schistosomiasis?

Answer 6

bladder squamous cell carcinoma

Question 7

Osteomyelitis: most common cause in sickle cell patients?

Answer 7

Salmonella

Question 8

GCA: initial Ix?

Answer 8

raised ESR

Question 9

Which type of PKD is more common + which is more severe?

Answer 9

ADPKD:
MORE common, less severe

ARPKD:
Less common, MORE severe

Question 10

Which type of PKD is associated with Berry aneurysms?

Answer 10

ADPKD

(Berry aneurysm = SAH)

Question 11

HF: 2 recommended dietary changes?

Answer 11

less sodium, less water

Question 12

Causes of hypercalcemia?

Answer 12

MM, sarcoidosis, Paget’s, CKD, dehydration, low vit D

Question 13

2 causes of asterixis?

Answer 13

hepatic encephalopathy
chronic CO2 retention

Question 14

MS: what eye problem is associated?

Answer 14

optic neuritis

Question 15

Ankylosing spondylitis: what eye problem is associated?

Answer 15

acute anterior uveitis

Question 16

Anaphylaxis: brief pathophysiology?

Answer 16

1. Allergen binds to IgE
2. This stimulates mast cell degranulation
3. This releases histamine/tryptase

Question 17

Anaphylaxis: Ix?

Answer 17

raised serum mast cell TRYPTASE

Question 18

Anaphylaxis: effect on bronchi?

Answer 18

bronchoconstriction

Question 19

Anaphylaxis: effect on blood vessels?

Answer 19

vasodilation

(+ increased vessel permeability)

Question 20

Unstable angina: how to differentiate from other ACS?

Answer 20

normal troponin

Question 21

New onset LBBB - which ACS?

Answer 21

STEMI

Question 22

DDx for AF?

Answer 22

ventricular ectopic

Question 23

4 exceptions to rate-control for AF?

Answer 23

1. Reversible cause
2. New onser (within 48hrs)
3. AF causing HF
4. Sx remain after rate-control

Question 24

AF: 3 examples of rate-control?

Answer 24

beta-blocker, CCB, Digoxin

Question 25

AF: 3 examples of rhythm-control?

Answer 25

fleicanide, amiodarone, DC cardioversion

Question 26

Tx for paroxysmal AF?

Answer 26

"pill-in-pocket" fleicanide

Question 27

Define malignant HTN

Answer 27

HTN associated with end organ damage

Question 28

What endo disease can SCLC cause?

Answer 28

Cushing's (since metastases produce ACTH)

Question 29

Name the tumour that may cause Horner's?

Answer 29

pancoast tumour

Question 30

likely Dx of cough (w/ blood), night sweats, + weight loss?

Answer 30

TB!!!

Question 31

leukaemia associated with Down's syndrome?

Answer 31

ALL

Question 32

most common cause of osteomyelitis in IVDU?

Answer 32

P.aeruginosa

Question 33

neurological Sx post-gastritis?

Answer 33

Guillain-Barre syndrome due to Campylobacter jejuni

Question 34

most common organism in CAP?

Answer 34

Strep. pneumoniae

Question 35

primary hypothyoidism?

Answer 35

THYROID GLAND dysfunction high TSH, low T3/T4

Question 36

tertiary hypothyroidism?

Answer 36

HYPOTHALAMIC dysfunction low TRH, low TSH, low T3/T4

Question 37

secondary hypothyroidism?

Answer 37

PITUITARY GLAND dysfunction high TRH, low TSH, low T3/T4

Question 38

primary hypercalcemia: PTH, Ca, phosphate?

Answer 38

high PTH high Ca low phosphate

Question 39

secondary hypercalcemia: PTH, Ca, phosphate?

Answer 39

high PTH low Ca high phosphate

Question 40

tertiary hypercalcemia: PTH, Ca, phosphate?

Answer 40

high PTH high Ca high phosphate

Question 41

STEMI: Management?

Answer 41

1st: "MONA" Within 2 hrs: PCI >2 hrs: Fibrinolysis w/ Alteplase (within 12 hrs)

Question 42

which cancer is BENZENE exposure a RFx for?

Answer 42

RCC

Question 43

which cancer is AFLATOXIN a RFx for?

Answer 43

liver cancer (produced by fungi such as Aspergillus)

Question 44

most common cause of SMALL bowel obstruction?

Answer 44

surgical adhesions

Question 45

Legionnaire's disease: What is it? Causative organism? Epidemiology? Key Sx?

Answer 45

A severe form of pneumonia Legionella pneumophilia (also caused by pneumococcal pneumonia) Found in water sources + unclean air-conditioning units (esp. in Spain) Rusty-coloured sputum

Question 46

most common cause of IE?

Answer 46

Strep. viridans (optochin resistance alpha-haemolytic strep)

Question 47

Recommended alcohol units?

Answer 47

14 units over 3+ days no more than 5 units in 1 day

Question 48

Which types of viral hepatitis have available vaccines?

Answer 48

Hep A + B

Question 49

Hepatic encephalopathy: build up of what substance (in the brain)?

Answer 49

ammonia (since less is metabolised by the liver)

Question 50

3 causes of liver cirrhosis?

Answer 50

alcohol excess hep B + C NAFLD

Question 51

4 complications of liver cirrhosis?

Answer 51

ascites varices (e.g. oesophageal) HCC malnutrition

Question 52

Tx for bleeding varices?

Answer 52

Terlipressin, Abx, endoscopy

Question 53

Tx for stable varices?

Answer 53

Propanolol, band ligation

Question 54

Extra-pulmonary signs in sarcoidosis?

Answer 54

Erythema nodosum Polyarthritis Lupus pernio Uveitis Arrhythmias

Question 55

DDx for bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy on CXR?

Answer 55

Infection: TB, Mycoplasma Malignancy: Lymphoma (mainly Hodgkin's), carcinoma Inorganic dust disease: Silicosis, Berylliosis Other: Sarcoidosis, HF

Question 56

4 signs of TB on CXR?

Answer 56

Dense homogenous opacity Pleural effusion Ghon complex Hilar lymphadenopathy

Question 57

viral hepatitis: types with vaccines?

Answer 57

A + B

Question 58

viral hepatitis: types which are blood-borne?

Answer 58

B + C

Question 59

viral hepatitis: DNA?

Answer 59

B (rest are RNA)