Other sense

Question 1

sound stimuli door

Answer 1

changes in air pressure door displacement of molecules

Question 2

human ear sensitive for freq from .. to ..

Answer 2

20 and 20000 Hz

Question 3

waves with fixed endpoints

Answer 3

like guitar. have different frequencies than normal sound waves!
they have a fundamental frequency (f0) and its harmonics. The harmonics are f 0 multiplied by an integer
values from 1 to ∞.

Question 4

fundamental frequency f0

Answer 4

has the most energetic component, most power.

Question 5

outer ear

Answer 5

collect and focus sound energy

Question 6

middle ear hoe gaat de wave

Answer 6

energy hits eardrum (tympanic membrane) -> malleus -> incus -> stapes -> oval window -> cochlea

Question 7

welke van windows zit boven en welke onder

Answer 7

oval window, daaronder round window

Question 8

andere naam voor eardrum

Answer 8

tympanic membrane

Question 9

internal ear

Answer 9

cochlea

Question 10

cochlea consists of

Answer 10

3 chambers filled with fluids and basilar membrane met stereocilia

Question 11

how does the sound travel through the cochlea

Answer 11

stapes moves -> fluids move -> stereocilia move -> membranes of hair cells get depolarized

Question 12

tonotopic organization in cochlea

Answer 12

high frequencies will activate hair cells in the beginning (cochlear base) and low frequencies will activate hair cells at the end (cochlear apex)

Question 13

how does the signal travel through the peripheral auditory pathway

Answer 13

cochlear nerve -> cochlear nucleus (medulla) -> superior olivary complex (L en R samenkomen, brainstem) -> nucleus of lateral lemniscus -> inferior colliculi (orientation towards sound, midbrain) -> medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus) -> primary auditory cortex A1 -> evt secondary auditory cortex A2

Question 14

evolutionairy important sounds…

Answer 14

occupy a larger brain area

Question 15

Generally, auditory stimuli are processed in both
hemispheres, but

Answer 15

• A small preference for contralateral sounds
• Speech sounds predominantly in the left hemisphere (music more in the right hemisphere!).

Question 16

3 qualities of sound

Answer 16

• loudness
• pitch
• timber (quality)

Question 17

loudness

Answer 17

sound intensity: waves. expressed in dB. (not defined by physical processes -> bv wanneer twee mensen praten is het niet opeens harder dan 1 persoon hoewel er wel meer waves zijn).

Question 18

pitch

Answer 18

tones: frequency. ook niet alleen fysiek: want harmonics worden ervaren als dezelfde pitch als fundamental frequency.

Question 19

pitch. The pitch you
experience is that of the
largest common divisor.

Answer 19

oke

Question 20

pitch and frequency are different places in the brain, waar?

Answer 20

pure tones: primary auditory cortex
frequency: belt

Question 21

timbre

Answer 21

quality, hierdoor kunnen differentieren tussen twee geluiden met dezelfde loudness and pitch. dit hoor je ook op een gitaar

Question 22

kleiner dan 3 kHz

Answer 22

interaural time difference (paths are of different lenghts)

Question 23

groter dan 3 kHz

Answer 23

interaural intensity difference (door de grote frequency krijg je een soort schaduw over het ene oor van de andere frequencies)

Question 24

waardoor interaural time difference en welke brain structure merkt dit

Answer 24

sound travels slow -> difference is goed te merken tussen twee plekken (zoals de oren) -> medial superior olive is coincidence detector.

Question 25

waardoor interaural intensity difference

Answer 25

hoofd is obstakel voor high frequencies (low freq travels further...) -> sounds from R come to lateral superior olive R (LSO) -> inhibits LSO on left -> ALLEEN signal van R, niet meer van links naar hogere centres.

Question 26

wat gebeurt er in de inferior colliculus

Answer 26

the two systems doing this (time and intensity) meet in the inferior colliculi to know where the sound comes from

Question 27

cutaneous system

Answer 27

Perception of touch, vibrations, pressure and tension. Tactile information.

Question 28

nociceptive system

Answer 28

pain and temperature

Question 29

proprioceptive

Answer 29

self movement and body position

Question 30

vestibular system

Answer 30

Perception of acceleration and deceleration of the body, balance, position of the head in space

Question 31

Skin: Each receptor is specialized to a different category of mechanical force. The quality of the perception (what, where) depends on the receptors being stimulated and where they project to in the brain.

Answer 31

oke

Question 32

meissner corpuscles

Answer 32

Sensitive to low frequency vibrations. Small receptive fields

Question 33

pacinian corpusles

Answer 33

Sensitive to high frequency vibrations. Large receptive fields

Question 34

rufini endings

Answer 34

Respond to skin stretch

Question 35

Some areas, such as the fingertips, have a high density of receptors (with small receptive fields; 1 2 mm). Other areas, such as the forearm, have less receptors with larger receptive fields (several

Answer 35

oke

Question 36

hoe gaat een sensory stimuli naar de hersenen?

Answer 36

naar dorsal root ganglia! -> ventral posterior nuclear complex in thalamus -> the primary somatosensory cortex S1

Question 37

3a -

Answer 37

proprioception

Question 38

3b & 1

Answer 38

cutaneous stimuli

Question 39

2

Answer 39

tactile + proprioception

Question 40

free nerve endings

Answer 40

proprioceptors -> pain

Question 41

pain

Answer 41

Pain is not a property of an object but is a mental construct. The perception of pain is entirely created by the brain (just as perception in other sensory systems is also largely a creation of the brain!

Question 42

olfactory epithelium

Answer 42

bevat receptors die alleen maar 1 receptor eiwit produceren

Question 43

Most odors contains different types of odor molecules. Each different odor molecule can bind to a specific receptor. Smelling an odor is thus the combination of different odor molecules to different receptors (there are, for example, no specific rose receptors or the smell of roses).

Answer 43

oke

Question 44

The axons of these receptor neurons form the olfactory nerve that projects to the olfactory bulb.

Answer 44

oke

Question 45

taste cells provide info about...

Answer 45

information about the identity, concentration and hedonic quality of the substance

Question 46

bitter

Answer 46

end

Question 47

sweet

Answer 47

tip

Question 48

sour and salty

Answer 48

sides (salty ook beetje in tip)

Question 49

hoe gaat het signaal van taste

Answer 49

taste cells in tongue -> brainstem -> thalamus -> anterior insula met gustatory cortex

Question 50

development of primary visual cortex...

Answer 50

has a critical window

Question 51

hoe is deze plasticiteit voor somatosensory cortex

Answer 51

die kan wel goed aanpassen!

Question 52

tonotopic organization occurs in the whole pathway

Answer 52

oke

Question 53

placebo effect

Answer 53

opiate receptors