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Brain and Cognition > Other sense > Flashcards

Other sense Flashcards

1
Q

sound stimuli door

A

changes in air pressure door displacement of molecules

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2
Q

human ear sensitive for freq from .. to ..

A

20 and 20000 Hz

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3
Q

waves with fixed endpoints

A

like guitar. have different frequencies than normal sound waves!
they have a fundamental frequency (f0) and its harmonics. The harmonics are f 0 multiplied by an integer
values from 1 to ∞.

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4
Q

fundamental frequency f0

A

has the most energetic component, most power.

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5
Q

outer ear

A

collect and focus sound energy

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6
Q

middle ear hoe gaat de wave

A

energy hits eardrum (tympanic membrane) -> malleus -> incus -> stapes -> oval window -> cochlea

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7
Q

welke van windows zit boven en welke onder

A

oval window, daaronder round window

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8
Q

andere naam voor eardrum

A

tympanic membrane

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9
Q

internal ear

A

cochlea

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10
Q

cochlea consists of

A

3 chambers filled with fluids and basilar membrane met stereocilia

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11
Q

how does the sound travel through the cochlea

A

stapes moves -> fluids move -> stereocilia move -> membranes of hair cells get depolarized

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12
Q

tonotopic organization in cochlea

A

high frequencies will activate hair cells in the beginning (cochlear base) and low frequencies will activate hair cells at the end (cochlear apex)

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13
Q

how does the signal travel through the peripheral auditory pathway

A

cochlear nerve -> cochlear nucleus (medulla) -> superior olivary complex (L en R samenkomen, brainstem) -> nucleus of lateral lemniscus -> inferior colliculi (orientation towards sound, midbrain) -> medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus) -> primary auditory cortex A1 -> evt secondary auditory cortex A2

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14
Q

evolutionairy important sounds…

A

occupy a larger brain area

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15
Q

Generally, auditory stimuli are processed in both
hemispheres, but

A
  • A small preference for contralateral sounds
  • Speech sounds predominantly in the left hemisphere (music more in the right hemisphere!).
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16
Q

3 qualities of sound

A
  • loudness
  • pitch
  • timber (quality)
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17
Q

loudness

A

sound intensity: waves. expressed in dB. (not defined by physical processes -> bv wanneer twee mensen praten is het niet opeens harder dan 1 persoon hoewel er wel meer waves zijn).

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18
Q

pitch

A

tones: frequency. ook niet alleen fysiek: want harmonics worden ervaren als dezelfde pitch als fundamental frequency.

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19
Q

pitch. The pitch you
experience is that of the
largest common divisor.

A

oke

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20
Q

pitch and frequency are different places in the brain, waar?

A

pure tones: primary auditory cortex
frequency: belt

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21
Q

timbre

A

quality, hierdoor kunnen differentieren tussen twee geluiden met dezelfde loudness and pitch. dit hoor je ook op een gitaar

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22
Q

kleiner dan 3 kHz

A

interaural time difference (paths are of different lenghts)

23
Q

groter dan 3 kHz

A

interaural intensity difference (door de grote frequency krijg je een soort schaduw over het ene oor van de andere frequencies)

24
Q

waardoor interaural time difference en welke brain structure merkt dit

A

sound travels slow -> difference is goed te merken tussen twee plekken (zoals de oren) -> medial superior olive is coincidence detector.

25
Q

waardoor interaural intensity difference

A

hoofd is obstakel voor high frequencies (low freq travels further…) -> sounds from R come to lateral superior olive R (LSO) -> inhibits LSO on left -> ALLEEN signal van R, niet meer van links naar hogere centres.

26
Q

wat gebeurt er in de inferior colliculus

A

the two systems doing this (time and intensity) meet in the inferior colliculi to know where the sound comes from

27
Q

cutaneous system

A

Perception of touch, vibrations, pressure and
tension. Tactile information.

28
Q

nociceptive system

A

pain and temperature

29
Q

proprioceptive

A

self movement and body position

30
Q

vestibular system

A

Perception of acceleration and deceleration of
the body, balance, position of the head in space

31
Q

Skin: Each receptor is specialized to a
different category of mechanical force.
The quality of the perception (what, where)
depends on the receptors being stimulated and
where they project to in the brain.

A

oke

32
Q

meissner corpuscles

A

Sensitive to low frequency
vibrations. Small receptive
fields

33
Q

pacinian corpusles

A

Sensitive to high frequency
vibrations. Large receptive
fields

34
Q

rufini endings

A

Respond to skin stretch

35
Q

Some areas, such as
the fingertips, have a
high density of
receptors (with small
receptive fields; 1 2
mm).
Other areas, such as
the forearm, have less
receptors with larger
receptive fields
(several

A

oke

36
Q

hoe gaat een sensory stimuli naar de hersenen?

A

naar dorsal root ganglia! -> ventral posterior nuclear complex in thalamus -> the primary somatosensory cortex S1

37
Q

3a -

A

proprioception

38
Q

3b & 1

A

cutaneous stimuli

39
Q

2

A

tactile + proprioception

40
Q

free nerve endings

A

proprioceptors -> pain

41
Q

pain

A

Pain is not a property of an object but is a
mental construct. The perception of pain is
entirely created by the brain (just as perception
in other sensory systems is also largely a
creation of the brain!

42
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

bevat receptors die alleen maar 1 receptor eiwit produceren

43
Q

Most odors contains different types of odor
molecules. Each different odor molecule can
bind to a specific receptor. Smelling an odor is
thus the combination of different odor
molecules to different receptors (there are, for
example, no specific rose receptors or the smell
of roses).

A

oke

44
Q

The axons of these receptor neurons form the
olfactory nerve that projects to the olfactory
bulb.

A

oke

45
Q

taste cells provide info about…

A

information about the identity, concentration
and hedonic quality of the substance

46
Q

bitter

A

end

47
Q

sweet

A

tip

48
Q

sour and salty

A

sides (salty ook beetje in tip)

49
Q

hoe gaat het signaal van taste

A

taste cells in tongue -> brainstem -> thalamus -> anterior insula met gustatory cortex

50
Q

development of primary visual cortex…

A

has a critical window

51
Q

hoe is deze plasticiteit voor somatosensory cortex

A

die kan wel goed aanpassen!

52
Q

tonotopic organization occurs in the whole pathway

A

oke

53
Q

placebo effect

A

opiate receptors

Brain and Cognition (9 decks)

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