outbreak - optional Flashcards

(43 cards)

1
Q

what is a healthcare associated infection

A

infection you might catch when receiving healthcare in hospitals, care homes, GP surgery, health centres or receiving care at home

most common types of infections in hospitals are urine infections, post-op infections, skin infections, sickness and diarrhoea

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2
Q

hospital acquired infections

A

infection acquired after being in hospital for >48hrs

for some organisms this will vary depending on the incubation period of the organism

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3
Q

types of HAIs

A

UTI - most common of all HAIs, mainly related to catheterisation
surgical site infection
RTI - intubation accounts for ~25%
bloodstream infections - many central venous catheter related
GI infection
skin and soft tissue infections

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4
Q

define outbreak of infection

A

≥2 cases of an infection linked in place and time

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5
Q

role of IPCT and surveillance in outbreak

A

1st purpose of IPCT is to prevent individual infections and outbreaks

purpose of surveillance is to detect and identify a possible outbreak at the earliest opportunity

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6
Q

chain of infection

A
infectious agent 
reservoir
portal of exit 
mode of transmission 
portal of entry 
susceptible host 

(cycle continues)

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7
Q

4 types of infectious agents

A

bacteria
virus
fungi
prion

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8
Q

5 examples of reservoirs

A
humans 
equipment 
environment 
food 
animals
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9
Q

3 examples of portal of exit

A

blood and body fluids
skin scales/wound
coughing and sneezing

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10
Q

3 examples of mode of transmission

A

direct or indirect
inhalation
ingestion of contaminated food

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11
Q

5 examples of portal of entry

A
skin/surgical wounds
eyes or mouth 
resp tract 
GI tract
tubes
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12
Q

4 examples of susceptible host

A

underdeveloped immune system
decreasing immune system
drugs or diseases
tubes

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13
Q

ways to break the chain of infection at the point of infectious agent

A

diagnosis and treatment

antimicrobial stewardship

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14
Q

ways to break the chain of infection at the point of reservoir

A

cleaning, disinfection, sterilisation
infection prevention policies
pest control

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15
Q

ways to break the chain of infection at the point of portal of exit

A
hand hygiene 
PPE
control of aerosols and splatter
respiratory etiquette 
waste disposal
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16
Q

ways to break the chain of infection at the point of mode of transmission

A
hand hygiene 
PPE
food safety 
cleaning, disinfection, sterilisation 
isolation
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17
Q

ways to break the chain of infection at the point of portal of entry

A
hand hygiene 
PPE
personal hygiene 
first aid 
removal of catheters and tubes
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18
Q

ways to break the chain of infection at the point of susceptible host

A

immunisations
treatment of underlying disease
health insurance
patient education

19
Q

5 moments for hand hygiene

A
before touching a patient 
before clean/aseptic procedure 
after body fluid exposure risk 
after touching a patient 
after touching patient surroundings
20
Q

prevalence of SSI

A

0.8% in acute adult inpatients

accounts for 15% of all HAI

21
Q

patients w/ SSI

A

49.4% F, 50.6% M
median age 63y/o
28.7% had life limiting or end of life prognosis
majority on surgical wards

22
Q

characteristics of SSI

A
  1. 7% of SSI were present on admission to hospital

52. 8% of SSI were in deep tissue or organ space

23
Q

most common causative organisms of SSI

A

S. aureus - 23.9%
E. coli - 14.1%
unspecified anaerobes - 8.5%
other - 53.5%

24
Q

antimicrobials for SSI

A

3.2% of all antimicrobials were prescribed to treat SSI
most commonly prescribed antimicrobials for SSI treatment - flucloxacillin, vancomycin
most commonly prescribed antimicrobials for SSI prevention - gentamicin, cefuroxime, co-amoxiclav

25
trasmission based precautions (TBPs) for isolated patient
contact gloves apron
26
contact precautions for isolated patient
decontaminate hands before entering room disposable apron and gloves keep door closed unless otherwise told to keep open decontaminate equipment prior to leaving room, discard gloves and apron, decontaminate hands
27
transmission based precautions for isolated patient - airborne precautions
droplet gloves aprons masks eye protection
28
airborne precautions for isolated patient
decontaminate hands before entering room disposable apron, FFP3 respiratory, eye/facial protection and gloves keep door closed decontaminate equipment prior to leaving room, discard gloves and apron and eye/facial protection, decontaminate hands after leaving remove respirator and discard, clean hands
29
what is a droplet
>5µm spread assumed to be ~1m drop to the ground
30
what's an aerosol
<5µm much more widespread remain suspended in air
31
why is the difference between droplet and aerosol important
airborne spread infections are more highly transmissible and therefore require different precautions 40µm is limit of visibility to human eye
32
define cleaning
physical removal of organic material and decrease in microbial load
33
define disinfection
large reduction in microbe numbers - spores may remain
34
define sterilisation
removal/destruction of ALL microbes and spores
35
when is cleaning along used
low risk - intact skin contact e.g. stethoscopes, cots, mattresses cleaning compatible w/ manufacturer's instructions
36
when is disinfection or sterilisation as appropriate used
medium risk - mucous membrane contact e.g. bedpans, vaginal specula, endoscopes
37
when is sterilisation used
high risk - surgical instruments
38
cleaning process
manufacturer's instructions detergent and water drying is an important part of the process cleaning essential prior to disinfection and sterilisation if these are required
39
2 methods of disinfection
heat | chemical
40
disinfection by heat
pasteurisation - bedpans, linen, dishwashers | boiling - vaginal specula, ear syringes
41
chemical disinfection
chemicals vary in their organism activity range needs to be equipment compatible e.g. alcohol, chlorhexidine, hypochlorites, hydrogen peroxide
42
4 methods of sterilisation
steam under pressure - autoclave hot air oven gas - ethylene dioxide ionising radiation
43
surveillance
local - lab based, ward/clinic area based national surveillance all healthcare workers