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Y2 infection > zoonoses - optional > Flashcards

zoonoses - optional Flashcards

1
Q

define zoonoses

A

infections that can pass between living animals and humans

the source of disease is from the animal

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2
Q

4 examples of diseases that aren’t zoonoses and why

A

malaria
schistosomiasis
oncoceriasis
elephantiasis

even though they are transmitted from animals they depend on the human host for part of their life-cycle

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3
Q

define anthroponosis

A

reverse zoonoses

humans are infecting animals

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4
Q

4 examples of anthroponosis

A

influenza - virus; birds, pigs
strep throat - bacteria; dogs
leishmaniasis - parasite; dogs
chytridomycosis - fungus; amphibians

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5
Q

what organisms can cause zoonoses

A

virus
bacteria
parasites
fungi

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6
Q

strategies developed by pathogens to ensure their own survival

A

causing a chronic infection to survive

non-human reservoir

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7
Q

examples of bacterial zoonoses

A 
Salmonella
Campylobacter
Shigella
Anthrax
Brucella
E-coli (verotoxigenic)
Leptospirosis
Plague
Psittacosis (Ornitosis)
Q fever
Tularaemia
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8
Q

examples of viral zoonoses

A 
Avian influenza
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF)
Ebola virus disease
Lassa Fever
Rift Valley fever
West Nile Fever
Yellow Fever
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9
Q

examples of parasitic zoonoses

A 
Cysticercosis
Echinococcosis
Toxoplasmosis
Trichinellosis
Visceral larva migrans (toxocara)
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10
Q

2 examples of fungal zoonoses

A

Dermatophytoses

Sporotrichosis

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11
Q

example of prion zoonoses

A

BSE/CJDV

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12
Q

what are the 6 commonest zoonoses in the UK

A 
salmonella 
campylobacter
toxoplasma 
psittacosis 
Q fever 
ringworm/dermatophytosis
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13
Q

5 uncommon zoonoses in the UK

A 
anthrax
rabies
bubonic plague 
tularaemia 
acute brucellosis
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14
Q

what is an emerging zoonoses

A

zoonosis that is newly recognized or newly evolved, or that has occurred previously but shows an increase in incidence or expansion in geographical, host or vector range

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15
Q

5 examples of emerging zoonoses

A 
avian influenza
nipah virus 
rabies
brucellosis 
monkeypox
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16
Q

how is rabies transmitted

A

viral infection
bite of an infected animals
97% dogs, bats, monkeys, foxes, racoons, skunks, wolves, cats

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17
Q

mortality of rabies

A

~550 000 (mainly children) die p/a

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18
Q

incubation period of rabies in humans

A

2wks up to several mths

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19
Q

how does rabies get to the brain

A

travels via peripheral nerves

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20
Q

clinical features of rabies

A

causes an acute encephalitis

malaise, headache, fever 
progresses to mania, lethargy and coma 
over production of saliva and tears
unable to swallow and hydrophobia 
death by respiratory failure
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21
Q

diagnosis of rabies

A

difficult

PCR of saliva or CSF
often confirmed post-mortem on brain biopsy

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22
Q

prognosis of rabies

A

always fatal if untreated

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23
Q

treatment of rabies

A

post-exposure prophylaxis immediately after the bite

  • human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG)
  • infiltrated around the bite if possible
    • 4 doses of rabies vaccine over 4 days
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24
Q

who was at main risk of brucellosis

A

used to be occupational hazard of farmers, vets, slaughterhouse workers etc

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25
where are brucellosis organisms excreted
in milk, placenta and aborted foetus
26
when are humans infected with brucellosis
during milking of infected animals during parturition handling carcasses of infected animals consumption of unpasteurised dairy products
27
what organism causes brucellosis
brucella | small, gram -ve coccobacilli
28
3 species of brucella
melitensis suis abortus
29
which species of brucella is most and least virulent
most - melitensis | least - abortus
30
animal hosts of brucella species
melitensis - goats, sheep, camels suis - pigs abortus - cattle, buffalo
31
geographic area of brucella species
melitensis - Mediterranean, S america, China, India, middle east suis - N and S america, SE asia abortus - worldwide
32
incubation period of brucellosis
5-30 days | up to 6mths
33
symptoms of brucellosis
acute - now very rare in scotland subacute chronic subclinical - commonest
34
acute presentation of brucellosis
lasts 1-3wks high 'undulant' fever weakness, headaches, drenching sweats splenomegaly
35
subacute presentation of brucellosis
lasts >1mth | fever and joint pains - knee, hip, back SI joints
36
chronic presentation of brucellosis
``` lasts for mths-yrs flu-like symptoms malaise depression chronic arthritis endocarditis epididymo-orchitis rarely meningism splenomegaly ```
37
subclinical presentation of brucellosis
most common form | 50% of exposed have +ve serology
38
treatment of brucellosis
long acting doxycycline for 2-3mths + rifampicin or + IM gentamycin for first wk chronic form is difficult to treat add co-trimoxazole for 2wks in CNS disease
39
relapse in brucellosis
occurs due to intracellular organism (5-10%)
40
who gets leptospirosis
was common in NE scotland fish workers Fife miners - rat bites 11% of dairy workers have +ve serology most have no hx of illness
41
leptospirosis causative organism
L. iceterohaemorrhagica now L. hardjo (cattle) is commonest form thin, highly mobile spirochaetes
42
clinical presentation of leptospirosis
L. iceterohaemorrhagica: flu like symptoms then jaundice and renal failure L. hardjo: fever, meningism, no jaundice
43
leptospirosis reservoir
many reservoir hosts - mammals | survive in the environment for wks-mths
44
how does leptospirosis enter the body
penetrate abraded skin or mucous membranes and cause systemic illness
45
leptospirosis risk factors
planting, weeding, harvesting hunting, gutting, skinning, butchering canoeing, bathing, swimming fishing, clamming
46
changing epidemiology of leptospirosis
traditionally an occupational disease emerging: recreational - borneo eco challenge 2000 unexplained emergence in Thailand - late 1990s climate change/disaster associated outbreaks - phillipines typhoon 2009, costa rican hurricane 2017
47
human hosts and leptospirosis
humans are incidental hosts - direct contact w/ the animal - contact w/ environment (water) contaminated w/ their urine - incubation 2-30 days (10-14)
48
symptoms of leptospirosis
undifferentiated fever, myalgia, headaches, abdo pain
49
leptospirosis - severe disease
occurs in 5-15% Weil's disease: triad of jaundice, AKI, bleeding pulmonary haemorrhage (PH) case fatality 5-40%, >50% in PH
50
diagnosis of leptospirosis
think is it likely? - fever in cattle farmer - exposure to water or rats - farmer w/ protracted flu-symptoms is more likely to have leptospirosis than brucellosis microscopic anticoagulation test - not useful in clinical context ELISA serology - suboptimal PCR culture - at least 1/wk on special media
51
treatment of leptospirosis
early treatment - abx are most effective during early phase of disease doxycycline for mild disease, IV penicillin for severe steroids don't help prompt dialysis mechanical ventilation
52
how is Lyme borrelios transmitted
spirochaete found in wild deer transmitted by tick (Ixodes ricinus) commonest in summer mths
53
vector of Lyme borrelios
Ixodes genus ticks I. ricinus - europe I. scapularis/pacificus - N america I. persulcatus - Asia active >4C, humidity
54
causative organism of Lyme borrelios
borrelia burgdorferi
55
erythema migrans (EM) in Lyme borrelios
80-90% of cases clinical diagnosis 3-90 days after the bite (7-30) single or multiple lesions
56
acrodermatitis chronica atroficans (ACA) in Lyme borrelios
``` european (B. afzelii) elderly people extensor surfaces of distal extermities bluish-red discolouration - progresses over mths-yrs to atrophic phase peripheral neuropathy common ```
57
lymphocytoma in Lyme borrelios
bluish solitary painless nodule earlobe or areola children > adults
58
what 5 of Lyme borrelios pts develop neuroborreliosis (NB)
~15%
59
symptoms of NB
triad of facial nerve palsy, radicular pain and lymphocytic meningitis - radicular pain (70-85%), migratory, worse at night - cranial neuropathy (~50%) onset of symptoms 2-6 (1-12) wks after bite preceded by EM in 30-50%
60
lyme borreliosis - USA
cardiac disorders more common (8-10%) - carditis (peri-myocarditis) heart block arthritis more common - large joints, often knees
61
diagnosis of Lyme borrelios
EM is a clinical diagnosis - no lab needed ACA and lymphocytoma clinical and high serology titres arthritis - very high serology titres from synovial fluid. PCR - clinical + lab findings - neuro symptoms consistent w/ LNB and other causes excluded - CSF pleocytosis (WBC in CSF), often lymphocytic - paired blood + CSF serology
62
Lyme treatment
oral doxycycline or amoxicillin or IV ceftriaxone most manifestations treat for 21 days (28 in arthritis or ACA)

Y2 infection (15 decks)

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