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outcome 1 Flashcards

- Research methods - Ethics - Different approaches over time in understanding the role of the brain - The role of the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain - The impact of acquired brain injury - Contemporary research (73 cards)

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1
Q

Controlled experiment

A

A type of investigation in which the causal relationship between two variable is tested in a controlled environment

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2
Q

Case study

A

A type of investigation of an individual/ group/ phenomenon that contains a real/hypothetical situation.

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3
Q

Correlational study

A

A type of non experimental study in which researchers observe and measure between 2 or more variables without any active control

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4
Q

Classification and identification

A

Classification - the arrangement of “phenomena/ objects/ events” into manageable sets
Identification - the process of recognising which “” is in each set

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5
Q

Fieldwork

A

Any research involving observation and interaction with people and environments in real world settings

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6
Q

Literature review

A

The process of collating secondary data in order to answer a question or provide background info

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7
Q

Modelling

A

The construction of a physical/ conceptual model that represents a system

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8
Q

Simulation

A

A process of using a model to study the behaviour of a real/theoretical system

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9
Q

Within-subjects design

A

an experimental design in which participants complete every experimental condition

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10
Q

Between-subjects design

A

an experimental design in which individuals are divided into different groups and complete only one experimental condition

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11
Q

Mixed design 

A

An experimental design which combines elements of within-subjects and between-subjects designs

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12
Q

Extraneous variable

A

any variable that is not the independent variable but may cause an unwanted effect on the dependent variable

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13
Q

Confounding variable

A

a variable that has directly and systematically affected the dependent variable, apart from the independent variable

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14
Q

Confidentiality

A

The privacy, protection and security of a participants personal information

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15
Q

Informed consent

A

Ensures participants understand the experiment and the risks before agreeing

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16
Q

Voluntary participation

A

Ensures no coersion is placed on participant to partake

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17
Q

Use of deception in research

A

The act of misleading participants ab/ the nature of the study

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18
Q

WIthdrawal rights

A

Participants have the right to discontinue their involvement at any time

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19
Q

Debriefing

A

Ensures the participant leaves with an understanding of the purpose, aim and results

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20
Q

Brain Vs Heart Debate

A

A historical debate as to whether the heart of the brain is responsible for mental processes such as thought, emotion and behaviour

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21
Q

Why is Heart Vs Brain Debate important?

A

In modern science, we understand that the brain is responsible for mental processes. However, this debate contributed to these findings

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22
Q

The mind-body problem

A

The philosophical question as to whether our mind is seperate and distinguishable from our body or whether they are one integrated unit.

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23
Q

Dualism beliefs

A

The mind and body are separate because they are distinguishable by their functions.
The mind is non physical whereas body is physical.

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24
Q

Monism beliefs

A

Although thoughts are intangible that does not mean that they are not the product of physical processes.
Brain scan technology shows that certain physiological processes occur when process of the mind are used

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25
Phrenology
The study of the shape and size of the brain to determine personality and mental functioning
26
Why is phrenology important?
Although it was classified as a psuedoscience in the 1900s, it introduced the idea that certain areas of the brain are responsible for specific functions.
27
Ablation
The surgical removal, destruction or cutting of a region of brain tissue
28
Brain lesioning
The practice of inducing and/or studying the effects of damage to an area of the brain
29
Why was ablation and brain lesioning important?
These practices helped researchers discover how the brain responsded to damage and the localisations of functions
30
Split brain research
Cutting the nervous tissue connecting the two hemispheres (corpus callosum)
31
Why was split brain research important?
Provided evidence for hemisphere specialisation Used as treatment in extreme cases of epilepsy
32
Neuroimaging
A modern technique that captures a picture of the brain. The use of this technology allows for less invasive brain research
33
Structural Neuroimaging examples
Captures brain structure E.g. Computerised tomography (CT), Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
34
Functional neuroimaging examples
Captures brain function E.g. Positron emission tomography (PET), Functional MRI
35
The hindbrain
The hindbrain is a region at the base of the brain. It coordinates basic survival functions such as movement, breathing rate, heart rate, and digestion.
36
Parts of the hindbrain
Cerebellum, Medulla, Pons
37
Function of the cerebellum
Monitors skeletal muscle movement, balance and posture, and controls procedural or sequential movements
38
Function of the medulla
Regulates autonomic processes (respiration, heart rate, blood pressure and digestion) and initiates reflexive actions (coughing, sneezing, vomiting)
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Function of the pons
Relays information between the forebrain and the hindbrain Regulates respiratory system, controls sleeping, dreaming and waking
40
The midbrain
The midbrain is a region at the center of the brain and is a part of the brain stem. It processes sensory information, coordinate motor movement relating to sensory stimuli, and regulates sleep
41
Parts of the midbrain
Reticular Formation
42
Function of the reticular formation
Filters neural information that is travelling to the brain and directs these messages to various areas and structures of the brain
43
The forebrain
The forebrain is a large and prominent brain region, located at the top and front of the brain. It is responsible for sophisticated mental process, cognition, perception, learning, language and memory
44
Parts of the forebrain
Cerebrum, hypothalamus, thalamus
45
Function of the cerebrum
The largest structure of the brain, has two hemispheres, connected corpus callosum. Contains cerebral cortex which is responsible for many functions.
46
Function of the hypothalamus
Regulates internal processes (hormone levels, hunger, thirst, body temp, blood pressure) as well as functions relating to emotional and motivated behaviours (sex, feeding)
47
Function of the thalamus
Relay center for sensory information (excluding olfactory senses)
48
Define contralateral
In terms of the brain, contralateral means that the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body, and the right hemisphere controls the left side of the body.
49
Define cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the cerebrum
50
The 4 distinct lobes of the cerebral cortex are...
The frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the occipital lobe and the temporal lobe
51
Functions of the frontal lobe
Volition, judgement, abstract thinking, problem solving, memory, self awareness, emotional behaviour, personality, voluntary movement of skeletal muscles
52
Associated regions of the frontal lobe
Primary motor cortex, Broca's Area
53
Primary Motor Cortex
Controls voluntary skeletal muscle movements
54
Bronca's Area
Controls language expression and the muscles required for speech
55
Functions of the parietal lobe
Receives and processes bodily sensory information. Modulates attention and spatial perception. Damage may result in spatial neglect
56
Associated areas of the parietal lobe
Primary somatosensory cortex
57
Primary somatosensory cortex
Responsible for registering and processing sensory info from skin, organs, etc. to form perception of touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and muscle movement
58
Functions of the temporal lobe
Interprets auditory information, comprehension of language, formation of memory, recognition of faces, emotional control
59
Associated areas of the temporal lobe
Primary auditory cortex, Wernicke's area
60
Primary Auditory Cortex
Receives and process auditory information
61
Wernicke's Area
Wernicke’s area is responsible for the comprehension of speech, enabling the understanding of spoken language
62
Functions of the occipital lobe
Processes and interprets sight
63
Associated areas of the occipital lobe
Primary visual cortex
64
Primary visual cortex
The primary visual cortex has an important role in receiving and processing visual information
65
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity is the capacity of the brain to change in structure or function in responses to experiences and brain trauma.
66
The types of neuroplasticity
Developmental plasticity and Adaptive plasticity
67
Developmental plasticity
Occurs as the brain development proceeds according to irs maturational plan
68
Examples of developmental plasticity
Proliferation, neural migration, myelination, synaptogenesis. synapsis pruning
69
Adaptive plasticity
Apparent in recovery from trauma due to brain injury
70
Examples of adaptive plasticity
Sprouting, rerouting
71
Traumatic brain injury
Caused by external factors or forces
72
Non traumatic brain injury
Caused by internal factors
73
How does an aquired brain injury affect functioning?
Biological, Psychological, Social

psych 1/2 (5 decks)

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