Overfat

Question 1

Fat cells: three stages of natural development

Answer 1

-the last trimester of pregnancy
-first year of adult life
-adolescent growth spurt

Hypertrophy - increases in size of existing adipose cells
Hyperplasia- new fat cell formation (not reversible)

Question 2

If energy input is greater than energy output

Answer 2

Weight gain

Question 3

If energy input is less than energy output

Answer 3

Weight loss

Question 4

Binge eating disorder BED

Answer 4

Involves ingesting large amounts of foods without purging
Is encourage in some sports such as sumo wrestling and football
Leads to obesity in most cases

Question 5

Creeping obesity more likely than BED

Answer 5

Obese individuals are often viewed as gluttonous as seen with binge eating disorder
Many generally do no =t consume excessive amounts of kilocalories (Athelets consume a lot of calories but burn a lot)
Physically active individuals have been shown to consume more kilocalories than obese individuals

Question 6

Creeping obesity (caused by)

Answer 6

Obesity is often the result of too little activity rather than excessive overeating this is what leads to “creeping obesity”
- the result of long term change in energy balance that results in gradual fat gain over a period of time

Question 7

Excessive over fatness = obesity (+location of fat)

Answer 7

An excessive accumulation of fat at which the fat becomes chronic health risk
> 30 % in women
> 20-25 % in men
Th location of fat also confers health risks
Apple shape (android) more dangerous
Pear shape (gynoid)

Question 8

Obesity : to be classified

Answer 8

To be classified as obese (adults 18+)
Males
-body fat % > 20 %
Or BIM > 39
Or waist >102 cm
Females
-body fat % > 30%
Or BMI > 30
Or waist circumference > 88 cm

Question 9

Obesity : a health risk (health problems that could develop)

Answer 9

Linked to heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes, antihero sclerosis
The “driver” for increase blood fats, blood pressure and blood sugars

Question 10

Health problems due to excess body fat: surgical risk

Answer 10

Increase anesthesia needs and increase of wound infection

Question 11

Health problems due to excess body fat: pulmonary disease

Answer 11

Excess weight over lungs

Question 12

Health problems due to excess body fat: type 2 diabetes

Answer 12

Enlarged fat cells bind with insulin and poorly respond to the message insulin sends to the cell

Question 13

Health problems due to excess body fat: hypertension (high blood pressure)

Answer 13

Increase miles of blood vessels found in fat tissue

Question 14

Health problems due to excess body fat: coronary heart disease

Answer 14

Increase in serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels, lower physical activity

Question 15

Health problems due to excess body fat: bone and joint disorders

Answer 15

Excess pressure put on knee, ankle and hip joints

Question 16

Health problems due to excess body fat: gall bladder stones

Answer 16

Increase in cholesterol content of bile

Question 17

Health problems due to excess body fat: various cancers

Answer 17

Estrogen production by fat cells
Excess energy intake encourages tumour development

Question 18

Health problems due to excess body fat: skin disorders

Answer 18

Trapping moisture and microbes in skin folds

Question 19

Health problems due to excess body fat: shorter stature

Answer 19

Earlier onset of puberty

Question 20

Health problems due to excess body fat: pregnancy risk

Answer 20

More difficult delivery; increase anesthetic needs

Question 21

Health problems due to excess body fat: early death

Answer 21

…

Question 22

Mortality and obesity

Answer 22

Death rate:
Obese 15-69 yrs 50% higher than normal
Overweight individuals 30% higher than normal
For every 10% above normal weight lifespan lowers by 1 year

Question 23

Can fit= fat

Answer 23

It may not be body fat that puts an individual at health risk but an inactive lifestyle
Active, obese individuals can have normal blood sugars, blood fats and blood pressure
But fit and fat is not the norm

Question 24

Obesity increases with age

Answer 24

Lose muscle mass = decrease metabolism, if less active
Education high school vs. Post secondary

Question 25

Canadian childhood obesity trends

Answer 25

Children aged 5-17 32% are overweight or obese, but not obese 20% obese 12% Boy 15% girls 3%

Question 26

Obesity in childhood can cause

Answer 26

Type 2 diabetes and heart disease Approx 30 % of Canadian children are overweight or obese

Question 27

Are children less active today

Answer 27

As children get older, activity decreases Raise in sedentary type activities

Question 28

What can we do to prevent obesity in children

Answer 28

Limit screen time, role modelling, wide variety of physical activity options, physical ed and recess should be top priority, healthy diet, active learning

Question 29

Child hood obesity foundation: live the 5-2-1-0 rule

Answer 29

5: or more veggies and fruits a day 2: no more than 2 hours of screen time a da 1: hour of physical activity per day 0: no surgery drinks

Question 30

Contributors to obesity (genetics)

Answer 30

Genetics Children and or adolescents with obese parent (1 or both) tend to become obese Genes, linked to obesity have been identified but indicate susceptibility not obesity

Question 31

Potential contributors to obesity

Answer 31

Early eating patterns Children who are inactive and overeat Clean your plate rule Bottle feeding- predispose to obesity Making sweets plentiful/rewards Yo-yo dieting

Question 32

Potential contributors to obesity: environmental factors

Answer 32

Lack of exercise Eating (high calorie/ high fat) drinking habits Societal norms

Question 33

Potential contributing factors to obesity: metabolic factors

Answer 33

Exercise, caffeine, drugs (amphetamines), lean muscle mass, age, sex, foods

Question 34

Yo-yo dieting

Answer 34

Dieting (caloric restriction) decreases resting metabolism Exercise increases resting metabolism

Question 35

What is the best way to loss body fat (healthy body composition)

Answer 35

Through combinations of healthily eating and exercise

Question 36

Body fat reduction: exercise, what does it do

Answer 36

Depresses appetite Maximizes loss of lean muscle tissue Burns high number of calories and increases metabolic rate Changes the way your body handles fat (more aerobic training means you shift fat to the muscles, burning it more often

Question 37

Body fat reduction: general exercise guidelines

Answer 37

Should be primarily aerobic in nature Beneficial to include some form of resistance training Has to involve the big muscles of the body Frequency is key - daily

Question 38

Exercise prescription for fat loss: traditional

Answer 38

Low intensity, longer duration (long and slow) Minimum of 12 minutes to trigger growth of fat-burning enzymes and mobilize adipose tissue

Question 39

Exercise prescription for fat loss: more contemporary

Answer 39

High intensity, shorter duration High intensity interval training HIIT ( good for retired athletes)

Question 40

Best exercise for weight loss

Answer 40

Something the person will actually do