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Overview Flashcards

0
Q

Adaptive Immune System

A
  • later, stronger, & more efficiently targeted response that eliminates organisms that survive the innate I.S.
  • enhances effectiveness of certain innate immune mechanisms
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1
Q

Innate Immune System

A
  • early response system that stops infection BEFORE significant replication & spead can occur
  • essential for development of adaptive I.S.
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2
Q

Common features of Innate & Adaptive I.S.

A
  1. Recognition
  2. Communication
  3. Killing/Elimination Mechansims
  4. Regulation
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3
Q

Recognition

A

mostly a function of receptors in cells of I.S.
BUT ALSO
some host proteins can recognize foreign substances

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4
Q

Communication

A

allows cells to coordinate effective killing/elimination of pathogens

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5
Q

chemical mediators (“mediators”)

A

signaling molecules

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6
Q

Killing/Elimination Mechanism

A

some cells can kill invading pathogens. they are specialized for intracellular or extracellular pathogens.

some pathogens are just eliminated from the body

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7
Q

Regulation

A

the I.S. turning itself off and modulating its response to infections so it’s not excessive

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8
Q

Differences b/n Innate & Adaptive I.S.

A

Defining difference: RECOGNITION

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9
Q

Innate I.S. recognizes…

A

PAMPs

DAMPs

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10
Q

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)

A

common features of pathogens

ex: LPS peptidoglycan, CpG motifs, etc

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11
Q

Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)

A

molecules released from dead or “stressed” cells or from breakdown of extracellular matrix

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12
Q

Adaptive I.S. recognizes…

A

specific sequences of proteins & polysaccharides (Antigens, Ags)

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13
Q

General Characteristic of all cells/molec. in I.S.

A

inactive until they become activated

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14
Q

How are I.S. cells activated?

A

by PAMPs or DAMPs binding to Pattern-Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

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15
Q

Adaptive I.S. cells are activated by…

A

a unique Ag binding to the Ag receptor in the cell membrane

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16
Q

PRR locations

A
  1. Plasma Membrane

2. Cytoplasm

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17
Q

Cells of Innate Immunity

A
  1. Sentinel cells

2. Effector cells

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18
Q

Sentinel cells

A

Location: body surfaces
Have PRRs that recognize pathogens that enter body.
-release mediators to recruit & activate effector cells
-some can also be effectors

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19
Q

Effector cell types

A
  1. Phagocytes
  2. Macrophages
  3. Neutrophils
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20
Q

effector cells

A

any cell that produces an effect OR performs a function directly related to killing/eliminating pathogens

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21
Q

Phagocytes

A

-most important effector cells in innate immunity

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22
Q

Phagocyte’s functions

A
  1. Internalize pathogens

2. Kill pathogens

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23
Q

“Professional Phagocytes”

A

neutrophils & macrophages

24
Macrophages come from...
blood monocytes
25
Innate I.S. mediators recruit...
antimicrobial proteins and leukocytes to magnify the response to a pathogen.
26
key process that Innate I.S. mediators regulate...
acute inflammation
27
Eosinophils
- release proteins that esp. damage the tegument (surface) of helmints - contain acidophilic granules
28
Natural Killer Cells
-recognize & kill host cells that are 'stressed' by infection w/ intracellular pathogens
29
antimicrobial peptides
- found in plasma, tissue fluids, & cytoplasmic cell structures - kill bacteria by forming pores in cell walls & membranes.
30
complement proteins
- found in plasma & tissue fluids - work as system - system forms mediators to start & enhance inflammation & protein complex which makes membrane pores in pathogen.
31
Acute Inflammation
-local response to injury/infection
32
effect of mediators in Innate I.S. (acute inflammation)
1. increase blood vessels' diameters 2. allow plasma to leak into tissues 3. activate leukocytes to escape from bloodstream to tissues
33
Lymphocytes
- recognize antigens w/ their special receptors - almost all are part of Adaptive I.S. - each responds to a specific antigen
34
Difference b/n PRRs & antigen receptors
- PRRs: in many cell types. all the same. recognize same PAMP/DAMP regardless of cell that expresses it - Ag receptors: found only on lymphocytes. unique to each lymphocytes
35
Types of Lymphocytes
1. B-cells | 2. T-cells
36
B-cells
-discovered in Cloacal Bursa of birds
37
B-cell function
-produce antibodies (Abs)
38
B-cell Ag receptor
plasma membrane version of antibody they secrete when activated
39
T-cells
mature in Thymus
40
T-cell Ag receptor
- called a "T-cell receptor" (TCR) | - NEVER released from cell
41
Alias of antibody
immunoglobulin
42
Types of T-cells
1. Helper T-cells (Th) 2. Cytotxic cells (Tc) 3. Regulatory cells (Treg)
43
Helper T-cells' function
coordinate immune response through signaling molecules
44
Cytotoxic T cells' function
kill other host cells that are infected w/ intracellular pathogens
45
Regulatory T-cell's function
regulates/impedes immune response
46
Adaptive I.S. recognition
recognize antigen through binding of the antigen to the receptor
47
B-cell recognition
recognize antigens just as their are (in solution or on the cell surface)
48
T-cell recognition
ONLY recognize antigens that have been "processed" by another cell
49
dendritic cell
sample antigens, internalize & process them, THEN present them in a form that T-cells can recognize.
50
Antigen-Presenting cells
antigen processing cells
51
"Signal 2" in adaptive response
sends a survival signal to lymphocyte. | come from cells activated by inflammatory mediators, PAMPs, DAMPs
52
Signal 3 of adaptive immune response
determine which function activated lymphocytes differentiate into during proliferation
53
memory cells
lymphocytes that don't perform function | resting lymphocytes that persist for a long time
54
Primary Lymphoid Tissues
where lymphocytes mature from progenitor cells into mature cells able to respond to an antigen ex. bone marrow, thymus, cloacal bursa
55
secondary lymphoid tissues
where fully mature lymphocytes respond to antigens ex: spleen, lymph nodes
56
humoral immunity
- transferred by serum | - mediated by antibodies
57
Cell-mediated immunity (CMI)
- immunity transferrable by lymphocytes | - mediated by T-cells

Immunology (19 decks)

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