- mediated by Abs - effective vs. extracellular phase of pathogens - better at inhibiting infection & reducing spread

Response to Infectious Agents Flashcards by Nicole Fierce

Sterilizing Immunity

immunity conferred by vaccination that prevents infection or colonization of pathogen on animal

highest degree of protection achievable by vaccine

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Protective Immunity

immunity that protects an animal against infection &/or infectious disease.

not all immune responses are protective

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Humoral Immunity

mediated by Abs
effective vs. extracellular phase of pathogens
better at inhibiting infection & reducing spread

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Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI)

mediated by T-cells
effective vs. intracellular phase (also extracellular when inside)
better at clearing infection.

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Pathogens are exposed to ___ on adherence to epithelium the 1st time.

antimicrobial peptides, phagocytes, microbiota

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Pathogens are exposed to ___ upon penetration of epithelium (local infection) the 1st time.

Antimicrobial peptides, phagocytes, complement

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Pathogens are exposed to ___ in a local infection the 1st time.

inflammation

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Pathogens are exposed to ___ during adaptive immunity the 1st time.

Humoral & Cell-mediated immunity

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Pathogens are exposed to ___ on adherence to epithelium on subsequent exposures.

sIgA
antimicrobial peptides
phagocytes
microbiota

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Pathogens are exposed to ___ upon penetration of epithelium on subsequent exposures.

IgG
Antimicrobial peptides
phagocytes
complement

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Pathogens are exposed to ___ in local infection on subsequent exposures.

Inflammation
IgM, IgG
Th1, Th2, Th17, Tc

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Sterilizing vaccines are really good at…

secreting lots of IgG for neutralization systemically.

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Extracellular Protective Immunity

interstitial spaces, blood, lymph

complement, phagocytosis, antibodies

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Extracellular Protective Immunity

epithelial surfaces

antimicrobial peptides, Abs (esp. IgA)

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Intracellular Protective Immunity

cytoplasmic

NK cells, Cytotoxic T-cells

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Intracellular Protective Immunity

vesicular

T cell & NK cell dependent macrophage activation

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Mucosal Immunity involves

respiratory & intestinal systems

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Innate Respiratory Mucosal Immunity cells

-ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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Innate Respiratory Mucosal Immunity chemicals

lysozymes, defensins, surfactants

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Innate Respiratory Mucosal Immunity specializations

mucociliary escalator

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Innate Respiratory Mucosal Immunity phagocytes presented in:

lamina propria & alveolar macrophages

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Innate Intestinal Mucosal Immunity cells

columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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Innate Intestinal Mucosal Immunity chemicals

lysozymes, defensins, gastric acidity, bile enzymes

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Innate Intestinal Mucosal Immunity specializations

peristalsis

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Innate Intestinal Mucosal Immunity phagocytes present in:

lamina propria

Adaptive Mucosal Immunity - humoral

secretory IgA

Adaptive Mucosal Immunity - cell-mediated

intraepithelial lymphocytes & lamina propria lymphocytes

Extracellular pathogen Adaptive immunity type

humoral more important than cell-mediated

Innate Immunity against extracellular pathogens | epithelial cleansing mechanisms

mucociliary elevator, intestinal peristalsis, flow of uring, tears & eyelashes, saliva, cough reflex

Innate Immunity against extracellular pathogens | Antimicrobial Molecules

defensins, lysozymes: kill many pathogens epidermal fatty acids: inhibit growth Gastic acidity: inhibits growth

Innate Immunity against extracellular pathogens | most important innate defense against them =

professional phagocytes

Complement against Extracellular Pathogens

contributes some but its major role is helping with inflammation & opsonization

Adaptive Immunity against Extracellular Pathogens uses:

secretory IgA, IgG, Th17 cells

Secretory IgA against Extracellular pathogens

exclusion of pathogens at mucosal surfaces

IgG against extracellular pathogens

opsonizing Abs are important for phagocytosis & maybe ADCC

TH17 cells & extracellular pathogens

they recruit & activate neutrophils to combat extracellular pathogens

Helminth's important Ags

the ones secreted & captured by DCs in intestines

larval form of helminths require

humoral immunity b/c they migrate through interstitial tissues

Innate mechanisms for helminths

mast cells, histamine & other MC mediators, eosinophils, mucus/peristalsis

Mast cell against helminths

release histamine when IgE binds helminth Ags

Histamine & other MC mediators against helminths

- induce local inflammation | - increase mucus secretion & peristalsis to expel adults

Eosinophils against Helminths

- recruited by chemokines from mast cells & Th2. - mediate ADCC (IgE, IgG) - granules contain antimicrobial substances that're effective against helminths

Mucus & Peristalsis against Helminths

create less hospitable environment. may induce detachment & expulsion of some

Adaptive Mechanisms used with Helminths

IgE, IgG, Th2

IgE + helminths

bind to Fce receptors on mast cells, activate mast cells when Ags bind. mediate ADCC for eosinophils

IgG + Helminths

mediates ADCC for eosinophils for migrating larva

TH2 cells + helminths

promote IgE secretion by B cells | activate eosinophils to attack egg/larva

most important defense agains intracellular pathogens

Cell-mediated immunity

innate epithelial cleansing mechanisms + intracellular pathogens

mucociliary elevator, intestinal peristalsis, flow of urine, tears & eyelashes, saliva, cough reflex

innate antimicrobial molecules + intracellular pathogens

defensins, lysozymes: kill many pathogens epidermal fatty acids: inhibit growth gastric acidity: inhibit growth

innate macrophages + intracellular pathogens

pathogens can resist most killing mechanisms. macrophages must be activated by IFN-gamma & make NO to kill them

innate NK cells + intracellular pathogens

early source of INF-gamma. may kill infected cells

Adaptive cells involved against intracellular pathogens

Th1, Tc

Th1 cells + intracellular pathogens

release IFN-gamma & recruit fresh macrophages that are better prepared to kill

Tc cells + intracellular pathogens

- kill infected cells & release pathogen. | - pathogen binds to Abs & newly recruited, IFN-gamma primed macrophages ingest it.

important immunity against viruses

humoral and cell-mediated

Innate mechanisms against viruses

Interferons alpha, beta, omega | NK cells

Adaptive mechanisms against viruses

secretory IgA, IgG, Tc cells

Interferons alpha, beta, omega + viruses

- released from infected wrt different stimuli. - IFN binds to receptors on adjacent cells - adjacent cells make new proteins that viral nucleic acids activate - antiviral IFN effects: degradation of viral mRNA & inhibit translation - increase MHC expression; activate DC, macrophages, NK cells

NK cells + viruses

primary effect: kill infected cells - viruses make cells make stress proteins that activate NK cells & reduce MHC I expression which inhibits NK activation - NK cells release IFN-gamma which activates macrophages

secretory IgA + viruses

sIgA neutralizes viruses at surface where they enter & inhibits establishment or spread of infection

IgG + viruses

neutralizing IgG important SYSTEMICALLY many vaccines done this way (ex: parvoviruses)

Tc Cells + viruses

Tc kill infected cells & limit viral replication main contribution = after establishment of viral infection b/c only act after cells are infected

viral replication process

1. Attachment 2. Penetration 3. Uncoating 4. Non-Structural Proteins made 5. Genome Replication 6. Structural Proteins made 7. Assembly 8. Release