overview Flashcards
what is te function of the upper limbs
move the hands
what is te function of the lower limbs
locomotion and support weigt
what is the axial skeleton
the axis of the head, neck and trunk
contains skull, spinal column and rib cage
what is the appendicular skeleton
limbs
what level of the spinal column is the upper and lower limbs associated with
c5-t1 - upper
l2-s3 - lower
where are the flexor and extensor muscles in the upper limb
flexor anterior - in anatomical position
extensers posterior
where are the flexor and extensor muscles in the lower limb *
lower limb rotates internally during development below the hip
so flexers are posterior and extensers are anterior
so moving leg forward is a flexion
where are the dermatomes in the lower limbs *
lower limb rotates internally during development below the hip - the limb picks up nerve supply before rotation occures = there is a twist in the dermatome fields so they are oblique
wat is the same within a limb compartment
hhave same distinct function eg all floexor or extensor
have same nerve supply
blood supply
what is the upper arm
between elbow and shoulder
what is the forearm
between elbow and wrist
what are the compartments of the upper limb
pectoral (chest) girdle muscles - pectoral girdle is the clavical and scapular
intrinsic soulder muscles
anterior (upper) arm muscles - flexers - boen is humorous
posterior (upper) arm muscles - extensers
anterior forearm muscles - flexers - bones are radius and ulnar
posterior forearm muscles - extensors
intrinsic hand muscles - bones are carpus, metacarples adn phalanges
what is an attachment for upper limb muscles
the pelvis
describe movements of the pectoral girdle
movements of teh arm relative to the scapular at the shoulder joint, and movements of scapula relative to the chest wall
describe te muscles of te pectoral girdle
have attachments in te neck, anterior chest, back and arm
detoid - intrinsic muscle of the shoulder
trapezius - supplied by cranial nerves (accessory) and acts on scapular and clavical
pectoralis major- has broad attachments on the sternum, clavical and humerous
scapular is hub for muscle attacment - rotator cuff muscles of shoulder - for movement of the shoulder and scapular in relation to trunk
descrieb cross sections of muscles in te arm
deltoid present then disappears becasue it attaches to the lateral side of the humerous
biceps small at top but thicker lower down where the bellies fuse
what are te comaprtments of te lower limb *
hip abducters - gluteal
hip extensers - gluteal
hip flexors
anterior thigh muscles - extensers
medial tigh muscles - adductors
posterior thigh muscle - flexor
anterior leg muscle - extensors - dorsiflexors
lateral leg muscle - foot evertprs
posterior leg muscle - flexors - plantarflexors
intrinsic foot muscles - variety of functions
what is the thigh
hip to knee
what is he leg
knee to ankle
what are the bones in lower limb
hip attach to trunk via sacroiliac joint
ten have femor
then tibia and fibia in lower limb
then tarsus, metarsals, phalanges
what part of teh body is the glutamus maximus part of
the lower limb
describe the muscles of te lower limb that attach in te abdo and pelvic cavities
iliacus and psoas muscles - form the iliopsoas muscle
psoas attaches to L1-5
psoas fibres comnverge wit iliacus that lines the inner surface of the iliac bone
they attach to the inferior tubercle
describe cross sectional view of muscles in the lower limbs
adducters are medial
soleus and gastrocnemiuss muscles are the thigh muscles
why is blood supply to the limbs important
DVT
arteries adn veins are used to access the heart
take pulse to assess teh blood supply in vascular disease
summarise the arterial supply to the upper limb
aorta becomes subclavian
becomes axillary when enter axillary area
changes name to be brachial - in arm
which becomes deep brachial artery which divides at tehh elbow joint
then radial and ulnar arteries
then hand palmer branches - cross wrist - deep and superficial
then metacarpel and digital arteries
have circumflex branches around neck of the humourus
what is teh cubital fossa and what is its relevance
it is the space in front of the elbow
where you access veins and arteries - access median cubital vein for venepuncture
where can you take pulses form the upper limb
brachial artery - medial side of arm
wrist 0 ulnar and radial arteries - better laterally which is the radial artery
describe the venous drainage of teh upper limb
there are superficial and deep systems
deep veins run with the arteries
palmar venosu plexus and palmar digital form a network
have dorsal venous arch - superficial vein in hand
from network in hands have - cephalic (lateral) and basilic (medial) veins - superficial
median cubital connects the cephalic and basilic veins in the cubital fossa - blood taken from here - can use other superficial veins if not present
venae comitantes - pair the deep veins, they pass along the brachial artery and drain into the axillary vein
basilic merge with deep vessels = axillary vein is deep, cephalic joins the axillary (brachial goes deep but cephalic stays superficial)
axillary pass under clavical and become subclavian vein
superior vena cava
describe the arterial supply of the lower limb *
aorta spilts into the common iliac arteries - split into internal and external iliac arteries - both supply lower limb
internal iliac supplies the contents of the pelvis
most of the lower limb supply is from external iliac artery, internal supplies medial part of thigh
external iliac passes under thhe inguinal ligament - becomes teh femoral artery -just under inguinal ligament feel femoral pulse - access heart to put a stent in here
femoral artery gives off branch in thigh - profunda femoris artery which supplies the posterior compartment of thigh and continues as superficial femoral artery
deep femoral artery goes anterior and medially then posterior behind the knee
superficial femoral artery then passes through the hiatus of adductor magnus muscle to the back of the knee where it becomes the popliteal artery - area behind knee is the popliteal fossa
popliteal artery gives off local branches in the popiteal fossa
then gives off anterior and posterior tibeal arteries and perineal/fibular artery
anterior tibeal artery is artery of anterior compartment of the leg - passes over foot anteriorly as the dorsalis pedis - supply anterior of foot
posterior tibial artery - artery of the posterior component of leg - passes behind medial malleolus of ankle - pulse taken here- divides in foot to become medial and lateral plantar arteries
fibular goes behind teh lateral malleolus - inconsistantly anastomososes with the anterior tibial artery in distal leg
give plantar arches derived from anterior and psoterior tibial arteries (plantar surface is sole of foot) - supply foot
what are the pulses of the lower limb *
femoral
popliteal
anterior and posterior tibial artery
dorsalis pedis
why are there more pulses in lower than upper limbs
lower limbs affeected first when arteries go
describe the vwnous drainage of the lower limb *
mirrors the aretrial supply
deep - anterior and posterior tibeal venae comitantes, popliteal vein -> superficial femoral vein which is joined by venae comunicantes of profunda femoris artery ->femoral vein -> external iliac vein -> drain into the vena cava
superficial - venous arches in foot - on medial limb crosses anteriorly to medial malleolus up leg behind knee and drain into inguinal region this is long saphrenous vein,
superficial - behind lateral malleolus, posterior of calf - pierce fascia over popiteal fossa and drain into popiliteal vein - this is short saphrenous vein
venae comitantes - pair of veins that closely accompany arteries so the pulses of the arteries aid venous return also cool venous blood is warmed by the arteries - artery and vein joined by connective tissue
saphrenous veins arise from venous network of dorsum of foot - long saphrenous drains anterior to medial mallelous and continues up medial side of limb into femoral vein at groin, short into popliteal vein and popliteal fossa
perferating vessels connect deep and superficial veins
what is the femoral traingle
in inguinal region
both femoral artery and vein here
where femoral artery is accessed - through this access the cardiac vessels for angiograms and angioplasty
feel pulse here
why are lower limb veins important clinically
perforating veins connecting superficial and deep veins contain a valve - only allow flow from superficial to deep
if valve damaged - blood flows from deep to superficial - varicose veins (dilated veins)
how does movement help venous return from the lower limbs
deep vessels between muscles
contraction of muscles in movement squeeze veins, open valves and pump blood up this is the calf pump
immobility = less efficient venous return from foot and leg - sluggish venous return cause DVT
how can you prevent DVT after surgery
socks that compress the superficial veisn so push blood into deep veins
mean you ahve more vigorous venous flow - prevents DVT
