Overview/Nuclear Energy pt. 2

Question 1

Demand: Local
________________
Following the start of the fourth Arab-Israeli conflict on _____________, the majority of the nations regarded as being favorable to Israel – including Europe, the United States, Japan, and of course the Philippines – were subject to limitations on _______________________________. The purposeful reductions in oil output in the Middle East resulted in widespread supply disruptions and increased prices. The price of oil increased by ____________________ percent from $3 to over $12 per barrel. (Samonte, 2022)

Answer 1

The 1973 Oil Crisis
October 6, 1973
OPEC oil exports and production
300

Question 2

Demand: Local (pt.1)
_________________________
During the1973 oil crisis, the Marcos administration decided to build a nuclear plant
comprising __________________. At a cost of $1.9
billion, construction work started in ________ and was finished in __ The BNPP currently stands in Morong, Bataan, atop Napot Point that overlooks the West Philippine Sea

Answer 2

Nuclear Power Plant in Bataan
two 600 MWe units
July 1976
1984.

Question 3

Demand: Local (pt.2)
Nuclear Power Plant in Bataan when the United States provided the Philippines a __________________in the 1950s, Volentik et al. claim that nuclear energy first became a political issue in the Philippines. In 1958, the _________________________ was created by the government, and a nuclear program was formally launched.

Answer 3

nuclear fission reactor
Philippine Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC)

Question 4

Demand: Local (pt.1)
Today:

In 2007, the Philippines DOE established a
programme to research ______________as part of a national energy strategy. In order to lessen the nation’s dependence on imported ___________, nuclear energy would be taken into
consideration. Aside from Bataan, the government was considering two additional 1000 MWe _________________, using technology from the abandoned North Korean KEDO project.

Answer 4

nuclear energy development
coal and oil
Korean Standard Nuclear Plant units

Question 5

Demand: Local (pt.2)
Today
In its 2008 update of the national energy plan, 600 MWe nuclear was projected online in 2025, with further 600 MWe increments in 2027, 2030, and 2034 to give 2400 MWe. This equipment was reportedly being offered by ______ for $1.1 billion, although it has since been used elsewhere.

Answer 5

KEPCO (Korea Electric Power Corporation)

Question 6

Demand: Local (PT.3)
Today
In November 2022, DOE Undersecretary of
Energy________________ stated that it would cost
US $2.3 billion to refurbish and restart Bataan and that the DOE hopes to use a portion of its 2023 budget to start a third-party assessment of the facility. The DOE is still considering the possibility of restarting the Bataan plant, but it is also considering building a new nuclear plant using ________________________ technology. The DOE announced an updated priority list for 2023 in January and stated that it would investigate the possibility of incorporating nuclear power into the ________________ by creating SMRs. According to Garin, the nation is also considering the prospect of building SMRs.

Answer 6

Sharon Garin
small modular reactor (SMR)
electricity mix

Question 7

Over the last two decades, nuclear power has reliably and economically generated over ______ of electricity generation in the United States.

It continues to be the single largest contributor to ________________ emitting electricity power generation in the United States (more than 70%)

Answer 7

20%
non-greenhouse-gas

Question 8

are advanced nuclear reactors with power capacities of up to 300 MW(e) per unit, or around one-third of the producing capacity of typical nuclear power reactors

Answer 8

Small modular reactors (SMRs)

Question 9

These____________________, with capacities ranging from tens to hundreds of megawatts, can be utilized for power production, process heat, desalination and other industrial applications.

Answer 9

sophisticated reactors

Question 10

The advanced SMRs that are now being
developed in the United States come in a variety of sizes, technological options, capabilities, and deployment circumstances

Question 11

_____________________ are currently the predominant technology for nuclear energy production worldwide, and their dominance is expected to continue in the foreseeable future LWRs are a type of ________________ that utilizes regular water (ordinary water) instead of heavy water, which contains a higher concentration of the hydrogen isotope deuterium.

Answer 11

Light water reactors (LWRs)
thermal-neutron reactor

Question 12

The ordinary water used in LWRs serves the dual purpose of ______________ and_______________, effectively slowing down fastmoving neutrons. By harnessing controlled nuclear fission, LWRs generate heat as a byproduct.

Answer 12

coolant and neutron moderator

Question 13

account for more than 65% of commercial reactors in the United States. In order to prevent the water from boiling, these reactors pump water at high pressure into the reactor core. Nuclear fission heats the water in the core, which is subsequently fed into tubes inside a heat exchanger. To generate steam, the tubes heat a separate water source. The steam then powers an electric generator, which produces electricity. The core water is returned to the reactor for reheating, and the process is repeated.

Answer 13

Pressurized-water reactors, or PWRs

Question 13

____________________defined as “a nuclear fission reactor with significant improvements over the most recent generation of nuclear fission reactors” or a reactor using nuclear fusion.
Advanced reactors tend to be referred to as “_____________” nuclear technologies, while existing commercial reactors are referred to as “__________.”

Answer 13

Advanced Nuclear Reactors
Generation IV
Generation III

Question 13

account for around one-third of all reactors in operation in the United States. BWRs heat water and produce steam directly inside the reactor vessel. Water is heated by fission when it is pumped up through the reactor core. Pipes then carry the steam directly to a turbine,
which generates electricity. Unused steam is
condensed back into water and used in the heating process.

Answer 13

Boiling water reactors (BWRs)

Question 14

Advanced reactors include advanced_________________, _____________, ______________, and_______________, which would release energy via the combination of light and heat. Most of these concepts have been researched, but only a few have progressed to commercial-size demonstration

Answer 14

water-cooled reactors
gas-cooled reactors
liquid metal-cooled reactors
fusion reactors

Question 15

is a one-of a kind scientific user facility
capable of carrying out large-scale, fast-spectrum neutron-irradiation tests and research investigations that are not currently possible.

Answer 15

Versatile Test Reactor (VTR)

Question 16

Refers to the application of chemical processes and principles in the design, operation, and optimization of nuclear power plants and related systems. Chemical Engineers in this field are monitoring and maintaining the unit operations on the entire process.

Answer 16

Chemical Engineering Principles and
Calculations in Nuclear Energy

Question 17

is an industrial process involving various activities to produce electricity from uranium in nuclear power reactors. The cycle starts with the mining of uranium and ends with the disposal of spent fuel and other radioactive waste.

Answer 17

nuclear fuel cycle

Question 18

The raw material for today’s nuclear fuel is
__________. It must be processed through a series of steps to produce an efficient fuel for generating electricity. __________ needs to be taken care of for reuse and disposal.

Answer 18

uranium
Spent fuel

Question 19

The nuclear fuel cycle includes the ‘________’, i.e. preparation of the fuel, the ‘_____’, in which fuel is used during reactor operation to generate electricity, and the ‘_________’, i.e. the safe management of spent fuel including reprocessing and reuse and disposal.

Answer 19

front end
service period
back end

Question 20

to analyze the behavior of nuclear reactions and the distribution of isotopes within the reactor.

Answer 20

mass and energy balance calculations

Question 20

Determining heat transfer rates and temperature profiles within the reactor core and coolant systems using principles of conduction, convection, and radiation.

Answer 20

Heat Transfer Calculations

Question 21

Analyzing fluid dynamics, pressure drop, and flow rates in coolant systems, such as determining pump requirements and pipe sizing.

Answer 21

Fluid Flow Calculations

Question 22

Determining the required **enrichment level of uranium fuel** and calculating the **separative work units (SWU)** needed for uranium enrichment processes, such as gas centrifugation or gaseous diffusion

Answer 22

Uranium Enrichment Calculations

Question 23

Modeling and analyzing chemical reactions involved in fuel production processes, such as leaching, solvent extraction, and precipitation.

Answer 23

Chemical Reaction Kinetics

Question 23

Calculating the **quantities of reactants, products, and energy requirements** in fuel production and processes, ensuring efficient utilization of resources

Answer 23

Material and Energy Balance

Question 23

Reactor Design and Operation deals with the following unit operations: (6)

Answer 23

Heat Transfer Calculations Fluid Flow Calculations mass and energy balance calculations Uranium Enrichment Calculations Chemical Reaction Kinetics Material and Energy Balances

Question 23

3 Surprising **Ways to Use** Nuclear Energy

Answer 23

Nuclear Desalination Clean Hydrogen Production Process Heating Industry

Question 24

Dozens of US nuclear energy businesses are now developing new reactor systems that are **carbon-free**, can be sited nearly anywhere on the planet, and can **produce water and electricity simultaneously when combined with desalination plants**.

Answer 24

Nuclear Desalination

Question 25

Hydrogen is an important component of future energy systems since it can be produced with little to no emissions using technologies such as nuclear energy.

Answer 25

Clean Hydrogen Production

Question 26

A clean, dependable, and consistent **source of high-temperature heat**, nuclear energy can power industrial facilities and is a carbon-free alternative.

Answer 26

Process Heating Industry

Question 27

Issues in Nuclear Energy (6)

Answer 27

Radioactive Waste Management Risk of Accidents Limited Uranium Resources High Initial Costs Decommissioning and Site Remediation Public Perception and Trust

Question 28

one of the major concerns with nuclear energy is the management and disposal of radioactive waste

Answer 28

Radioactive Waste Management

Question 29

Although nuclear accidents are rare, they can have severe consequences for the environment and human populations.

Answer 29

Risk of Accidents

Question 30

Uranium is the primary fuel used in nuclear reactors, and there are concerns about the limited availability of this resource.

Answer 30

Limited Uranium Resources

Question 31

The construction and startup costs of nuclear power plants are generally high compared to other energy sources.

Answer 31

High Initial Costs

Question 32

When a nuclear power plant reaches the end of its operational life, it must be decommissioned and the site remediated

Answer 32

Decommissioning and Site Remediation

Question 33

Nuclear energy carries a legacy of **public concerns and perceptions** related to safety, accidents, and radioactive waste

Answer 33

Public Perception and Trust

Question 34

RBMK stands for **"Reaktor Bolshoy Moshchnosti Kanalny,"** which translates to "________________" in English. Unit 4 of the **Chernobyl plant** was a RBMK1000 reactor, a type of _________________. According to the World Nuclear Association's incident report,____________ was the **primary contributing factor** to the nuclear meltdown in Chernobyl.

Answer 34

"High Power Channel-type Reactor" graphite-moderated reactor Xenon intoxication

Question 34

Issues: ________, Ukraine 1986 ____________is widely regarded as **mankind's catastrophic nuclear destruction** to history. It happened on __________, when a sudden spike in power during a nuclear systems test caused an explosion and fire that destroyed Unit 4.

Answer 34

Chernobyl Chernobyl April 26, 1986

Question 35

Issues: ____________, Middletown, Pennsylvania, USA, 1986 The ____________ nuclear power plant is located in **Harrisburg, Pennsylvania**, in the United States. It was furnished with *two pressurized water reactors.* _____, an 880 MWe (819 MWe net) PWR, started service in 1974 as well as maintained one of the **best-performing unit**s in the United States until it was decommissioned in 2019. ______, had a capacity of 959 MWe (880 MWe net) and was nearly brand new at the time of the disaster. The catastrophe began with ________ **secondary system failures**, which were followed by a **human-operated relief valve** in the primary system that started to become jammed open.

Answer 35

Three Mile Island Three Mile Island TMI-1 TMI-2 non-nuclear

Question 36

The **March 11, 2011**, **earthquake and tsunami** which devastated eastern Japan ended up causing an enormous meltdown at the ___________________ nuclear power facility on Japan's northeastern coast. The plant had six boiling water reactors (BWRs) designed by ______________. The reactors affected were Units 1, 2, and 3, while Units 4, 5, and 6 were shut down at the time of the incident.

Answer 36

Fukushima Daiichi General Electric (GE)

Question 37

Issues: _____________________, Philippines 1980 The plant was never fueled or turned on, though, due to financial problems and worries about earthquakes. Following the Chernobyl disaster in ____________, newly elected President _______________ made the decision to shut down the plant. Allegations of corruption plagued the Bataan project.

Answer 37

Bataan Nuclear Power Plant April 1986 Corazon Aquino

Question 37

* ________________ is little to none since it produces energy by fission * Electricity is produced using the___________ to produce steam, which turns a __________ * The _______________________ recorded that in 2020, the United States prevented more than 471 million metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions.

Answer 37

Carbon emission heat from fission turbine Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI)

Question 38

* **smallest power plant** in the US: __________________in New York (426 acres (less than 1 mile) of land on "Lake Ontario in New York). * has one reactor and a net summer energy production capacity of roughly 582 megawatts (MW).

Answer 38

R.E. Ginna Nuclear Power station

Question 39

The ________________Roadmap has been established for the **guidance** in the implementation and timeline of activities of the ______________________________based on the earliest optimal entry of nuclear energy by 2027 and findings of the prefeasibility studies.

Answer 39

Nuclear Power Program (NPP) Nuclear Energy Program Implementing Organization (NEPIO)

Question 40

* During Phase 1, the NEPIO conducts studies that take into account the **factors to be considered** before launching an NPP. This includes the NEPIO's energy planning and feasibility studies, as well as the 19 infrastructure issues identified in the Milestone Approach. * The activities for **Phase 2** of the roadmap, as well as the milestone approach, are scheduled for 2019 to 2022. The outcome of the peer review will allow NEPIO to begin planning for a knowledgeable commitment to the NPP. * The outcome of the Phase 2 evaluation will indicate the readiness to contract for and build a nuclear power project in Phase 3. The NEPIO's role will be reduced in Phase 3.

Question 41

Executive Order (EO) 164 (pt.1) According to the Department of Science and Technology-Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (DOST-PNRI), President Rodrigo Duterte's **Executive Order 164** "______________________________________" signed on February 28, 2022, is the first step toward nuclear power. The first of the 19 milestones approach prescribed by the_______________________ to assist countries considering launching nuclear power program is a national position or policy, such as an executive order.

Answer 41

"Adopting a National Position for a Nuclear Energy Program and for Other Purposes" International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

Question 42

Executive Order (EO) 164 (pt.2) The 19 milestones are centered on the safe, secure, and peaceful application of nuclear energy. The EO is based on these principles to ensure that the country adheres to the highest standards when implementing a Nuclear Energy Program. As other energy sources such as natural gas, geothermal, hydro, and coal become depleted, nuclear power is expected to reduce electricity costs and contribute to energy security. Nuclear power, which has benefited several countries around the world for more than six decades, will now be considered as an option to address the country's energy concerns under EO 164.