Overview Of Anatomy And Basic Concepts Flashcards
(189 cards)
1
Q
Anatomical position
A
Palm facing forward, thumbs pointing out, arms to side, feet facing forward
2
Q
Median plane
A
Vertical, divides body into left and right equally
3
Q
Sagittal plane
A
Divides the body parallel to medial plane, vertical plane
4
Q
Transverse (horizontal) plane-
A
divides body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts
5
Q
Transverse (horizontal) plane-
A
divides body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts
6
Q
Frontal (coronal) plane
A
vertical planes passing through the body at right angles to median plane, divides body into anterior (front) and posterior portions
7
Q
Sagittal is on what axis
A
X
8
Q
Any movement going back is
A
Extension
9
Q
Any movement going forward is
A
Flexion
10
Q
Frontal plane is on what axis
A
A/P Z
11
Q
Transverse plane is on what axis
A
Y axis
12
Q
For a body part or joint to move, it must move with an
A
Axis of rotation
13
Q
Back of the body
A
Posterior (dorsal)
14
Q
Superior
A
Toward the head
15
Q
Inferior
A
Towards the feet
16
Q
Proximal
A
Toward the trunk
17
Q
Distal
A
Away from the trunk
18
Q
Medial
A
Toward the midline
19
Q
Away from the midline
A
Lateral
20
Q
Ipsilateral
A
Same side of the body
21
Q
Contralateral
A
Opposite side of body
22
Q
Superficial
A
Located externally, closer to surface of body
23
Q
located more internally farther from surface of the body
A
Deep
24
Q
Largest organ system
A
Integumentary system
25
5 layers of the epidermis
Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
26
First degree burn is on what layer of skin
Epidermis
27
Second degree burn is on what layer of skin
Dermis
28
Elastin fibers
Gives the ability to stretch and return to its original state
29
What degree of burn is most painful and why
Second degree because the dermis has the most nerve endings
30
Sacks of fluid filled with synovial fluid
Bursae’s
31
Flexion/extension of the hip is a movement of what plane
Sagittal plane
32
Shoulder flexion and extension is an example of what plane movement
Sagittal
33
Elbow flexion and extension is an example of what plane movement
Sagittal
34
Flexion and extension of the knee is an example of a movement on what plane
Sagittal
35
Trunk flexion and extension is on what plane
Median
36
Trunk flexion and extension is a movement on what plane
Median
37
Imaginary line that the joint pivots or rotates
Axis of rotation
38
Head abduction and adduction is on movement of what plane
Frontal
39
Hip adduction and abduction is an example of a movement on what plane
Frontal
40
Rotation of neck is an example of a movement on what axis
Transverse
41
Trunk rotation is an example of a movement on what plane
Transverse
42
Shoulder and hip internal and external rotation is an example of what plane
Transverse
43
Best section to see pathological tissue or disease of the brain
Transverse sectioning
44
Toward the midline
Adduction
45
Away from the midline
Abduction
46
Basal membrane, most inner part of epidermis, stem cells
Stratum basale
47
Where is elastin in the skin
Dermis
48
What layer of skin has superficial fascia
Hypodermis
49
Deep fascia covering one muscle
Investing fascia
50
Deep fascia inbetween muscle groups
Intermuscular septa
51
deep fascia between bone
Interosseuous membrane
52
Gives cushion and reduces friction between bones, muscles, and ligaments
Synovial fluid
53
Connective tissue that attaches bone to bone
Ligament
54
Attaches muscle to bone
Tendon
55
Cell that maintains bone
Osteocytes
56
Cell that produces bone
Osteoblasts
57
Cell that destroys bone
Osteoclasts
58
Bones are made up of
Osteoclasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes and matrix
59
The matrix consists of
Ground substance and collagen fibers type 1 and 2
60
Type 1 collagen fibers
Every connective tissue like bone
61
Type 2 collagen fibers
Hyalin and fibrocartilage
62
What is ground substance made up of
Proteoglycans and GAG (glycosaminoglycan)
63
What are proteoglycans
Water loving molecules
64
What is GAG
Consists of hyaluronic acid and
glucosamine chondriotin
65
Compact bone consists of how much of the bone
80% of bone
66
What is periosteum
Covering of bone that contains vessels
67
Avascular necrosis is
No blood flow through the bone that causes cell death and break down of bone
68
It is porous and hollow, and contains bone marrow
Trabecular bone
69
Where is the trabecular bone
Medullary cavity
70
Why is bone marrow important
Produces red and white blood cells and platelets
71
Top/head of bone
Epiphyses
72
Between diaphysis and epiphysises, contains growth plate
Metaphysis
73
Shaft of bone
Diaphysis
74
What bone is tubular
Long bones
75
Examples of long bones
Humerus and femur
76
Bones that are Cuboidal and found only in the tarsal and carpus
Short bones
77
Bone that serve as protective functions
Flat bones
78
Example of flat bone
Cranium
79
Have various shapes other than long short or flat
Irregular bones
80
Bones that protect the tendons from excessive wear and often change the angle of the tendons as a pass to the attachments, floating bone
Sesamoid bones
81
Example of a sesamoid bone
Patella/knee cap
82
Endochondral ossification
Within cartlidge ossification
83
2/3 of this inner bone is supplied by
Nutrient artery
84
Goes through the periosteum and penetrates the compact bone to supply it
Periosteal artery
85
Goes through the epiphysis and supplies to the epiphysis
Epiphyseal artery
86
How are joints classified
By the connective tissue
87
Articulation between bony surfaces
Joints
88
Fibrous connective tissue that attaches to bone surface, has very little movement
Fibrous joint
89
Examples of fibrous joint
Cranial sutures and syndesmoses of the ulna and radius
90
Joint with hyaline Cartlidge and fibrocartlidge, some movement
Cartilaginous joints
91
Most movement out of all the joints, has a capsule that surrounds it and is tough
Synovial joints
92
What does synovial fluid do and where is it from
Secretes from the synovial membrane and lubricats the joint as well bring nutrients to the hyaline cartilage
93
What joint has more subluxations and separations
Synovial joints
94
Has a bony protusion and encircled by a socket
Pivot joint
95
Example of pivot joint
C1 and C2 joint
96
C1 vertebrae is known as the
Atlas
97
C2 vertebrae is known as
Axis
98
Socket shape where it is bony on side and ligament on the other side
C2
99
50% rotation (80-90 degrees) of cervical spine occurs in the
C2 and C1
100
Degrade or breakdown of hyalin cartridge is
Arthritis
101
Hip joint has many degrees of freedom
3
102
2 flat surfaces sliding against eachother
Plane joints
103
Example of plane joint
AC joint/ clavicle
104
convex and concave surface, allows extension and flexion, abduction and adduction
Saddle joint
105
Example of saddle joint
CMC - carpal metacarpal
106
Metacarpal and meta tarsals are examples of what joint
Condyloid joint
107
What movements can condyloid joints do
Abduction/adduction, flexion/extension, and circumduction
108
Smooth muscles are
Non striated and involuntary
109
What are striations
Predictable patterns of actin and myosin
110
Do smooth muscles have actin and myosin
Yes
111
Have heads that articulate with the actin that shortens the sacromere that shortens the muscle
Myosin
112
Which contraction generates more force and why
Isometric and because force is equal
113
Cardiac muscles are
Striated, involuntary, and intercalated discs
114
Most abundant type of tissue in the body
Skeletal
115
Where is smooth muscles found
Intestines, bladder, stomach, and vessels
116
T/F smooth muscle have sarcomeres
False
117
Smallest unit of muscle located within myofibril
Sarcomere
118
Actin and myosin are
Myofilaments
119
What does cardiac muscle include
One nucleus, mitochondria, starts action potential, purjinke fibers
120
Conducts electrical impulses that allow coordination contraction of the cardiac muscle usually at 15 to 40 bpm
Purkinje fibers
121
Surrounded by epimysium and fasciculus
Muscle belly
122
Group of muscle fibers (100-150 fascicles per muscle fiber)
Fasciculus
123
Connective tissue that surround fasciculus
Perimysium
124
Surround each muscle fiber
Endomysium
125
The cell of the muscle is known as
Muscle fiber
126
Plasma membrane of the muscle fiber is the
Sarcolemma
127
Cytoplasm of striated muscle cells
Sarcoplasm
128
Where are alpha motor neurons located
Ventral horn
129
What is a contraction
Myosin head grabbing the actin and bringing them closer together
130
Fusiform
Spindle shaped, parallel to their origin and insertion, contracts fast but not a lot of force
131
Example of fusiform
Bicep brachii
132
Contracts with more force due to more sarcomeres and has fibers in angles
Bipennate
133
Only one side has fibers at an angle
Unipennate
134
Has more than 2 pennants muscle, generates A lot of force
Multipennate
135
Flat parallel muscle with aponeurosis (connective tissue)
Flat muscles
136
Origin is wider than insertion
Convergent
137
Example of convergent muscle shape
Pectoral is major
138
Parallel, the orientation does not allow generation of large forces
Thin parallel muscle
139
Muscle contracts and is shorten is what type of contraction
Concentric
140
Tensed muscle lengthens and has more myosin and actin
Eccentric
141
Agonist
Main muscle producing a specific movement
142
Fixator
Steadies the proximal parts of a limb through isometric contractions, while movements are occurring and distal parts
143
Synergist
Complements the action of a prime mover, and it may directly assessed the prime mover
144
Antagonist
Directly opposes the prime mover action
145
AROM
Movement of a joint/body part without outside help
146
PROM
Movement of a joint/body body parts with help doing the movements
147
Contractile tissue
Muscles, their tendons and their attachments to the bone
148
Inert tissue
Joint capsules, ligaments,bursae, blood vessels, Cartlidge,and dura matter
149
Pain when contracting or stretching the muscle means it is a ____ issue
Tendon issue
150
Pain when stretching the muscle, or putting it in the position that it got injured, but contracting does not give pain means it is a ___ issue
Ligament
151
Lub dub sound is made from what
Mitral and tricuspid vavle closing- lub
Aortic and pulmonary valve closing-dub
152
What percent volume of blood is in the Venus side
60%-80%
153
What size arteries have elastin and why?
Large and medium arteries, because it maintains the size of the vessel after blood is pumped into them
154
What kind of muscle do arteries have?
Smooth muscle
155
Constriction and dilation happens on the artery or vein side
Artery
156
What is larger lumen of vein or lumen of artery?
Lumen of vein is larger 
157
Inner layer compose a single squamous cells
Tunica intima
158
Outer layer connective tissue
Tunica adventitia
159
Smooth muscle, in between inner and outer layer of the artery and vein
Tunica media
160
What controls the blood pressure
Small arteries
161
Blood goes back to the heart through what system
Venous system
162
Functions of the lymphatic system
Remove excess fluid
help immunity
transport fat
163
Five components of the lymphoid system
Lymphatic plexuses
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph
Lymph nodes
Lymphoid organs
164
it is clear fluid but when it has fatty acid, it is whitish
Lymph
165
Where your T cells mature
Thymus
166
Spleen
White blood cells attack foreign particles
167
The central nervous system consists of
Brain and spinal cord
168
The peripheral nervous system consists of
Cranial nerves and 31 pairs of nerves
169
What are the spinal cord goes through?
Central canal
170
Where does the spinal cord start and end?
Starts at the brain stem and goes to L1/L2
171
What is between the pia matter an arachnoid matter?
Subarachnoid space, which contains cerebral spinal fluid
172
Gray matter consist of
Cell bodies
173
White matter consist of
Axons of neurons, going up and down the spine
174
The dorsal horn’s contain
Sensory nerves (afferens)
175
Dorsal and ventral root unite to make a
Nerve root
176
Nerve root divides into
Ventral primary rami and dorsal primary rami
177
T/F pain and temperature have a myelin sheath
False, signal takes longer to go from PNS to CNS
178
Epineurium
Surrounds the peripheral nerve
179
Perineurium
Surrounds the fasciculus of nerve cells
180
Endoneurium
Connective tissue Enclosed the myelin sheath of a nerve fiber
181
Myotomes
Nerve routes that supply a particular group of muscles
182
Dermatomes
Nerve routes that supply a particular area of skin
183
Preganglionic is what’s, and in what nervous system
Short, neurons, white communicants, and the sympathetic nervous system
184
Post ganglionic is what
Long neurons, Gray communicants
185
Sympathetic, nervous system origin
Thoracic and lumbar
186
Parasympathetic, nervous system origin
Cranial and sacral nerves
187
Lateral horn
preganglionic neurons
188
Preganglionic uses ____ and Postganglionic uses ____\
Acetylcholine, epinephrine
189
Somatic fibers
Easy general ones
