vertebral column Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
what does the vertebral column include
A
entire set of vertebrates excluding ribs, sternum, and pelvis
2
Q
how many of each type of vertebrae is there
A
7- cervical
12- thoracic
5-lumbar
5-sacrum
4- coccyx
3
Q
kyphotic
A
primary curve , forward rounding of the back, shaped like the letter C, occurs ar the thoracic spine and sacrum/coccyx
4
Q
lordotic
A
secondary curve
cervical: child begins to lift head
lumbar: child begins to walk
allows compression to take place
occurs at cervical and lumbar
5
Q
projection of bone coming out of vertebrae, gives cite for muscles and ligaments to attach
A
spinous process
6
Q
connects the vertebral body with the lamina and transverse process
A
pedicle
7
Q
composed of a floor at the back of the vertebrae , walls (pedicles), and a roof where 2 lamina join
A
vertebral arch
8
Q
2 superiorly and inferiorly, one superior superior and one inferior meets eachother and create a facet joint
A
articular process
9
Q
where the spinal cord goes through
A
vertebral Foramen aka central canal
10
Q
where does spinal cord start and end
A
spinal cord starts at foramen magnum, becomes brain stem and goes to L1-L2
11
Q
conus medullaris
A
end of spinal cord
12
Q
cauda equina
A
nerves that comes out of conus medullaris that go down towards coccyx
13
Q
connective tissue that goes from conus medullaris to coccyx, the connective tissue keeps spone in place in the vertebral canal (could also be the vertebral canal or foramina)
A
Filum Terminale
14
Q
outer layer of spinal cord, tough connective tissue
A
dura mater
15
Q
epidural space
A
space between vertebral canal and dura matter
16
Q
between dura mater and Pia mater
A
arachnoid
17
Q
pia mater
A
inner most thin layer, held tightly to the surface of your brain and spinal cord, blood vessels pass through to supply brain tissue with blood and helps contain CFS
18
Q
subdural
A
anything inside the dura mater
19
Q
between arachnoid space and pia mater, contains CFS (cerebrospinal fluid)
A
Subarachnoid space:
20
Q
how large is the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar
A
c- 17mm
T- 12-14mm
L- 13 mm
21
Q
narrowing of the canal, occurs at 10-13 mm. spinal cord could be injured
A
Central (vertebral) canal stenosis
22
Q
spinal cord injury can cause
A
deficits in sensation like lack of balance, gait, and motor
23
Q
intervertebral disc contains
A
a fibrous cartilage between vertebrae and contains 2 parts, the annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus
24
Q
outer layer of disc, 25 concentric layers of connective tissue. Helps contain the nucleus pulposes
A
annulus fibrosus
25
gelatin type of substance that consists of proteoglycans and water (75% water). Can move left and right plus superior and inferior within the annulus fibrosus
nucleus pulposes
26
what do the discs do
allow stability, cushioning, proprioception, movement, and actions of part of the body
27
allows us to perceive the location
proprioception
28
where is the first disc located and where is the last
Between C2 and C3
last is L5-S1
29
why do S1-S4 not have a disc
because it is fused together
30
connective tissue at the top or bottom of disc, prevents nucleus pulposes from migrating towards the vertebral body
end plate
31
schmoris nodes
nucleus pulposes migrating towards vertebral body due to insufficiency of end plate
32
vertebral flexion the nucleus pulposes moves
posteriorly
33
vertebral extension the nucleus pulposes moves
anteriorly
34
bulge disc posteriorly
flexing cervical or lumbar spine too much eventually will lead to the nucleus pulposes bulging or leaking of nucleus pulposes to the intervertebral foramen
35
what is affected if the nerve root is compressed
myotomes
36
C1 and C2 the nerve root is where
C2
37
C3 and C4. the nerve root is where
C4
38
T1 and T2 the nerve root is where
T1
39
C7 and T1 the nerve root is where
C8
40
White matter, composed of axons, sensory neurons.
dorsal horn
41
gray area, composed of cell bodies, alpha motor neurons.
ventral horn
42
dorsal and ventral root combine to make a
nerve root
43
dorsal ganglion
composed of cell bodies of sensory neurons
44
articulation between the superior and inferior articular process, known as Z joint, main cause of joint pain
facet joint
45
upper cervical facet joint
transverse plane
46
mid cervical facet joint
oblique frontal plane
47
anterior longitudinal ligament
has anterior longitudinal ligament that prevents excessive extension of vertebral column
48
posterior longitudinal ligament
prevents hyperflexion of column
49
Tectorial membrane ligaments
upper part of posterior longitudinal ligament
50
flava
prevents excess flexion of column and can lead to central canal stenosis
51
interspinous prevents
hyper flexion of vertebral column
52
supraspinous prevents
hyper flexion of column
53
nuchal
supraspinous ligament of the cervical spine ( occipital to C7)
54
between the transverse process, prevents excessive lateral (side) flexion of vertebral canal
inter transverse
55
skin covers area of vertebra where the neural arch is not fused, a dimple with a hair coming out of it.
spina bifida
56
meninges are coming out of the vertebral column
Meningocele
57
meninges and spine are coming out of the vertebral column
Meningomyelocele
58
do discs like flexion or extension
extension
59
keeps the dens off axis (C2), prevents dense form migrating posteriorly and injuring the spinal cord
transverse ligament
60
cruciform ligament consists of
transverse ligament and longtitudinal band going up and down
61
prevents excessive side flexion and rotation contralaterally
alar ligament
62
gives vertebra rails so flexion and extension can take place in the cervical spine
Uncovertebral Joints (C3-C7)
63
cervical motions
flexion/extension
lateral flexion
rotation
retraction/protrusion
64
deep in the spine, provide stability to vertebral column
local cervical muscles
65
flexes the cervical spine
longus coli and longs capitus
66
extends the cervical spine, transverospinalis
Semispinalis, Rotatores, and Multifidus
67
generate large forces, type 2 fibers (anaerobic).
global cervical
68
global cervical muscles
scalene, SCM, and splenius capitus and cervices
69
has a trigger point, downwardly rotates the scapula
levator scapula
70
brings scapula inwards towards spine, retracts scapula
Rhomboid minor and major
71
downwardly rotates scapula (3)
Rhomboids, Levator scapulae, and Pectoralis minor
72
trapezius attaches where
scapula spine
73
means origin and insertion will be on cervical spine
coli
74
rotatores and mutlifidus provides what
stability to the spine
75
Longus cervices and longus capitis does what
flexes the spine
76
anterior and middle attaches to 1st rib, posterior attaches to second rib.
scalene
77
flexes cervical spine, ipsilateral lateral flexes & rotates it contralateral.
Sternocleidomastoid
78
Neck pain and dysfunction of cervical spine caused by
deep cervical flexors and extensors
79
comes from the vertebral artery
anterior an posterior spinal artery
80
comes from thyrocervical trunk which is a branch from the subclavian artery, contributes to blood circulation to spine
ascending cervical artery
81
comes from deep cervical artery, branch of subclavian artery, contributes to circulation of cervical spine but not as much
costovertebral trunk
82
comes from vertebral artery, divides into anterior and posterior radicular artery, supply the spinal cord anteriorly and posteriorly
Segmental spinal artery
83
bracial plexus consists of what nerve roots
C5-T1
84
brachial plexus (Roberts Thomas drinks coors tightly)
roots-trunk-divisions-cords- terminal branches
85
what do roots become
trunks
86
thoracic spine actions
flexion/extension
lateral flexion
rotation
87
thoracic facets are located where
located in the frontal plane, 80-degree angle
88
does the lumbar have a lot of rotation and why
not much and because it is sagittal
89
ribs 1-7 are
true ribs
90
ribs 8-10
false because they attach to costal cartlidge
91
ribs 11-12
floating, not attached
92
what nerve are ribs innovated by
phrenic nerve
93
Ignore
94
decrease the diameter anterior, posterior, and lateral which increases intrathoracic pressure, lungs will have more pressure than the environment so the air will go from inside the lungs to the outside
internal intercostal
95
ribs go up and forward, increases diameter from anterior to posterior and lateral dimensions of rib cage which leads to a decrease in intrathoracic pressure. Air flows from high gradient to low gradient
external intercostal shortens
96
inspiratory muscles
diaphragm and external intercostals
97
expiratory muscles
internal intercostals and subcostal
98
accessory inspiratory muscles
sternocleidomastoid, all scalenus, both pectoralis, inferior fibers of serrates anterior, latissimus doors, serrates posterior superior
99
accessory expiratory muscles
abdominal muscles
100
T1- T10 articulate with MAKES NO SENSE
transverse process
101
T2-T9 articulate with
2 body and 1 disc
102
Ribs 1-6 move
anterior and posterior dimensions, pump
103
Ribs 7-10 move
lateral on frontal plane, bucket
104
ribs 11-12 move
internal and external rotation
105
Internal rotation of the ribs make the ribcage
bigger to decrease intrathoracic pressure, air flows from higher to lower gradient
106
have anterior and posterior spinal artery that come down from the spinal cord and supply it
vertebral artery
107
the thoracic posterior artery has how many arteries
2
108
the thoracic anterior artery has how many arteries
1
109
the posterior thoracic artery comes from the
aorta
110
what artery comes from the posterior intercostal
segmental spinal artery
111
what artery unites with the anterior spinal artery and supplies the spinal cord
segmental medullary artery
112
which arteries are the main suppliers for the spinal cord
posterior spinal artery, anterior spinal artery, and segmental spinal artery
113
lumbar motions
flexion/extension,
rotation and lateral flexion
114
lumbar spine discs increases height ____
anteriorly
115
4 nerve roots in the sacrum comes from the ____ and 1 nerve root comes from ___
sacral foramina, sacral hiatus
116
sacrum apex is the
most pointy area, bottom
117
sacroiliac joint
sacrum articulates with ilium
118
coccyx is formed by what
the fusion of 4 vertebrae
119
sacrum motion
minimal motion, nutation, counternutation
120
nutation
moves anteriorly and inferior
121
counternutation
moves posteriorly and superiorly
122
transfers load between the lower extremities and the spine, stability
sacroiliac joint
123
where is the anterior sacroiliac ligament
between sacrum and ilium
124
where is the posterior sacroiliac ligament
originates in the ilium and attaches to sacrum,limits counternutation (superior and posterior movement of sacrum)
125
lateral to sacrum and coccyx to ischial spine, prevents excessive nutation (anterior and inferior movement of sacrum)
sacrotuberous ligament
126
goes from sacrum/coccyx to ischial spine, limits nutation (anterior and inferior movement of sacrum)
sacrospinous ligament
127
creates the greater and lesser sciatic foramen
Sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments
128
deep between sacrum and ilium, limits nutation (anterior and inferior movement of the sacrum)
Interosseous ligament
129
from lumbar to ilium, transverse process of L5 to ilium. Provides stability between L5 and S1
iliolumbar ligament
130
deepest muscles in vertebral column posteriorly. Rotate the vertebral column contralaterally
rotatores
131
from transverse process to 2-4 levels above. Rotates the vertebral column contralaterally and extend the lower back if contracted at the same time.
multifidus
132
back stabilizer muscles
rotatores and multifidus
133
side flex or bend, both contract they extend the back.
quadratus lumborum
134
erector spinae
iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis ( I love spaghetti)
135
Latissimus dorsi motions
- internal rotation, shoulder abduction, shoulder extension
136
transfer of mechanical energy from one lower extremity could be propagated to the opposite arm, provides stability of lower back
Thoracolumbar fascia (lumbodorsal)
137
psoas major
main hip flexor, flexion, and lateral oration of the thigh at the hip
138
where is the psoas major
meets at the iliacus and arms the iliosoas
139
what does the transverse abdominus do
stabilizes the back and the front
140
linea alba is a
connective tissue that attaches the trunk flexors to the middle of the body
141
combines with external and internal oblique aponeurosis with rectus abdominus aponeurosis to attach to linea alba
transverse aponeurosis
142
flex the trunk when they simultaneously contract, contralaterally rotates
external oblique
143
flex the trunk when they simultaneously contract, ipsilateral rotation
internal oblique
144
flex the trunk when they simultaneously contract
Rectus Abdominus (Sheath)-
145
what does the linea alba consists of
External oblique, Internal Oblique, and Rectus Abdominus aponeurosis
146
deep to superficial anterior ab muscles
transverse, internal , external, rectus abdominus
147
comes from the ascending aorta, has segmental artery anterior which has anterior and posterior radicular (nerve root) artery
lumbar artery
148
drains via Basi vertebral veins into external venous plexus
internal vertebral venous plexus
149
– helps move blood from your chest and abdomen to your heart, where it's reoxygenated , empties blood in superior vena cava
Thoracic azygous vein
