Overview of Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
(22 cards)
What is the function of the circulatory system?
It is a transport system, where the blood is the vehicle and the blood vessels, tubes and heart work as the pump.
It’s to deliver oxygen, nutrients, hormones and enzymes to the cells (exchange is done in capillary level) and to transport cellular waste like carbon dioxide and urea to the organs (lungs and kidneys) where they can be expelled form the body.
How is the heart organized?
Has two pumps (left and right sides) connected by two circulations with each pump equipped with two valves.
Each side of the heart has an upper chamber: atrium and lower chamber: ventricle.
What is the function of the heart?
Its function is to maintain a one-way flow of blood.
What are the two circulations of the heart?
- Pulmonary: carries deoxygenated blood form the right ventricle to the lungs (oxygenation takes place at the alveoli) and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium.
- Systemic: carries oxygenated blood form the left ventricle throughout the body.
What are the two valves on the right side of the heart?
1.Tricuspid: Its an atrioventricular valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle.
2. Pulmonic: a semi lunar valve located between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery.
What are the two valves on the left side of the heart?
1.Mitral (bicuspid): An atrioventricular valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle.
2.Aortic : a semi lunar valve located between the left ventricle and the aorta.
How many layers doe the heart have and definitions?
- Endocardium: endothelial (provides a smooth, low-friction surface) inner layer lining the heart.
2.Myocardium: Muscular middle layer, helps the heart contract
3.Epicardium: Fibrous outer layer, and the coronary arteries that supply blood are found in this layer.
What are the blood vessels?
Aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, superior and inferior vena cavae.
How many layers are the blood vessels and which one is the exception?
They are composed of 3 layers: Outer connective tissue layer: Tunica adventitia, Middle smooth muscle layer: Tunica media and the inner smooth endothelial layer: Tunica intima
The exception are the capillaries.
What does each blood vessel do? (except the capillaries)
The aorta, arteries, and arterioles carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the different part of the body
The venules, veins and superior and inferior vena cavae carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
What are the capillaries composed of and what they do?
They are composed of a layer of smooth endothelial cells, which connect the arterioles and venules.
Capillary blood is a mix of arterial and venous blood.
Its thin walls allow fast exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste products between the blood and tissue cells.
How much liters of blood odes the average adult have?
5 to 6 liters
What is the blood composed of ?
It is composed of a. liquid portion: plasma, and a cellular portion: formed elements.
It also contains waste products such as urea that are destined for excretion.
What is plasma composed of in the blood ?
It comprises 55% of the circulating blood.
It contains proteins, amino acids, gases, electrolytes, sugars, hormones, minerals, vitamins, and water (92%)
What are the formed elements in the blood?
It constitutes the remaining 45% of blood.
It contains erythrocytes (red blood cells; comprise 99% of formed elements), leukocytes (white blood cells) and thrombocytes (platelets)
What are erythrocytes?
They are red blood cells, which contain hemoglobin (oxygen-carrying protein). It enters the blood as an immature reticulocyte where in 1 to 2 days matures into erythrocyte.
There are 4.2 to 6.2 million per microliter of blood
What are leukocytes and its functions?
Leukocytes are white blood cells.
Its function is to provide the body protection against infections.
Normal amount in an adult is 5,000 to 10,000 per microliter.
What is leukocytosis and Leukopenia?
Leukocytosis is the increase of white blood cells like in infections and leukemia.
Leukopenia is the decrease of white blood cells like in viral infections or chemotherapy.
How many types of white blood cells are in the blood ?
1.Neutrophils: they engulf and digest bacteria, they increase in bacterial infections and the first ones on the scene.
2. Lymphocytes: they increase in viral infections and play a role in immunity
3. Monocytes: they are monocytes in the circulating blood, but in the tissues they transform into macrophages and become phagocytes. they increase in intracellular infections and tuberculosis.
4. Eosinophils: they are active aganist antibody-labeled foreign molecules. they increase in allergies, skin infections and parasitic infections.
5. Basophils: they carry histamine which is released in allergic reactions.
what are the percentages of the different type of white blood cells ?
1.Neutrophils: 40 to 60%
2. Lymphocytes: 20 to 40%
3. Monocytes: 3 to 8%
4. Eosinophils: 3 to 1%
5. Basophils: 0 to 1%
What are thrombocytes?
They are platelets, small irregularly shaped packets of cytoplasm formed in the bone marrow from megakaryocytes. They are important for blood coagulation and the average adult has 140,000 to 440,000 per microliter of blood.
Where do normally all blood cells originate form?
The come from stem cells in the bone marrow.
