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QUIZ 7 > Overview of Metabolism > Flashcards

Overview of Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

catabolic

A

breakdown of compounds to produce energy

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2
Q

examples of catabolic pathways

A

glycolysis, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid catabolism, amino acid oxidation

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3
Q

anabolic

A

use energy to produce biomolecules

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4
Q

anabolic pathways

A

gluconeogenesis, lipid biosynthesis, amino acid biosynthesis, nucleotide biosynthesis

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5
Q

regulated steps

A

reactions are far from equilibrium (can not go forward and reverse with same molecules)

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6
Q

allosteric effectors mediate _

A

local effects (cell status)

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7
Q

hormones mediate _

A

systemic effects (needs of body/organism)

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8
Q

glycolysis

A

glucose –> 2 pyruvate

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9
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

pyruvate –> glucose

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10
Q

What stimulates PFK?

A

F2,6BP and AMP

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11
Q

What inhibits PFK?

A

ATP, citrate, H+

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12
Q

What inhibits F-1,6-bisphosphatase?

A

F2,6BP and AMP

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13
Q

What stimulates F-1,6-bisphosphatase?

A

citrate

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14
Q

What activates pyruvate kinase?

A

F-1,6-BP

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15
Q

What inhibits pyruvate kinase?

A

ATP and alanine

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16
Q

What activates pyruvate carboxylase?

A

acetyl CoA

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17
Q

pyruvate carboxylase

A

pyruvate –> oxaloacetate

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18
Q

What inhibits pyruvate carboxylase?

A

ADP

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19
Q

What inhibits PEP carboxykinase?

A

ADP

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20
Q

PEP carboxykinase

A

oxaloacetate –> PEP

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21
Q

proteins kcal

A

4kcal/gram

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22
Q

carbohydrates kcal

A

4kcal/gram

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23
Q

fats kcal

A

9 kcal/gram

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24
Q

US dietary guidelines

A

45-65% carbohydrates
10-35% proteins
>10% fats

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25
energy balance equation
calories consumed-calories used
26
biggest factor in weight gain
carbohydrates
27
biggest factor in weight loss
resting metabolic rate
28
average male calorie intake
2700 kcal/day
29
average female calorie intake
2200 kcal/day
30
resting metabolic calorie use
60-70% of total calories (20% in brain)
31
glycogen
provides energy for muscles and brain (quick energy)
32
adipose
provides long term storage energy
33
brain can only use _ as fuel
glucose, lactate, or ketone bodies (no fat)
34
What can not use ketones for fuel?
RBC, WBC, marrow
35
Why does muscle store glycogen?
to supply glucose for contraction
36
leptin
inhibits appetite
37
leptin is release by _
fat cells
38
leptin acts on _
hypothalamus
39
ghrelin
stimulates appetite
40
ghrelin is produced by _
stomach in response to food intake
41
ghrelin acts on _
hypothalamus
42
cholecystokinin
acts as neuropeptide in CNS and suppresses appetite
43
cholecystokinin is released by _
duodenum
44
cholecystokinin action
stimulates release of bile and secretion of digestive enzymes and inhibits gastric emptying (prevents food from leaving to allow enzymes to act)
45
peptide Y
suppresses appetite
46
peptide Y is released by _
ileum and colon in response to food intake
47
peptide Y action
inhibits gastric motility, increases nutrient, water, and electrolyte absorption
48
incretins (GLP-1, GIP)
stimulate insulin secretion in response to food intake
49
incretin effect
oral glucose elicits a higher insulin response than intravenous glucose
50
saliva produces _
alpha-amylase and lingual lipase
51
alpha-amylase
catalyzes hydrolysis of starch into di- and trisaccharides
52
lingual lipase
catalyzes hydrolysis of medium and long chain triglycerides
53
parietal cells
secrete HCl, lowering pH
54
chief cells
secrete pepsinogen
55
What induces secretion of gastric acid?
acetylcholine, histamine, and gastrin
56
rantidine
H2 anatagonist, preventing histamine from activating protein kinase pathway, making the stomach less acidic
57
digestion occurs in _
small intestine
58
secretin
regulates pH of duodenum and inhibits secretion of gastric acid by parietal cells; stimulates bicarbonate production in pancreatic duct cells
59
pancreas secretes _ in the aid of protein digestion
trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase
60
stomach secretes _ to aid in digestion of proteins
pepsin
61
digestion of carbohydrates
pancreatic alpha-amylase breaks starch and glycogen into disaccharides (maltose, lactose, sucrose)
62
sucrase
breaks sucrose into fructose + glucose
63
maltase
breaks maltose into 2 glucose
64
maltase
breaks maltose into 2 glucose lactase
65
lactase
breaks lactose into glucose + galactose
66
digestions of fats
bile acids, lipase, colipase
67
bile acids
synthesized in liver and secreted from gallbladder; solubilize fats in small intestine
68
lipase and colipase
bile inhibits lipase so colipase binds to keep active; secreted by pancreas and cleaves triglycerides
69
exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
enzymes not released properly --> food is not digested --> no nutrients absorbed
70
exocrine pancreatic insufficiency treatment
pancreatic enzyme replacement, high-calorie high-fat diet, and vitamins
71
exocrine pancreatic insufficiency symptoms
weight loss, abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, vitamin K and D deficiency
72
absorption of monosaccharides
facilitated diffusion (fructose) or secondary active transport (glucose)
73
absorbed monosaccharides leave epithelial cells by _
facilitated diffusion to enter blood (passive)
74
lipid uptake
lipids cross freely through membrane due to hydrophobicity; form chylomicrons that enter lacteal and are transported away from intestine
75
increased iron in blood
activates HFE for hepcidin production --> hepcidin induces endocytosis of ferroportin --> ferroportin is in the cell and iron can not get out
76
water soluble vitamins
B and C; absorbed directly into blood and excreted in urine
77
fat-soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K; absorbed first into lymph then blood but requires protein carriers; not excreted, stays in fat-storage sites

QUIZ 7 (12 decks)

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