OVERVIEW SOCIAL

Question 1

What is conformity?

Answer 1

A type of social influence defined as ‘yielding to group pressures’

Question 2

How is conformity defined in terms of behavior or opinion change?

Answer 2

A change in a person’s behaviour or opinion as a result of real or imagined pressure from a person or group of people

Question 3

What is the difference between real and imagined pressure in conformity?

Answer 3

Real pressure has consequences for conforming, while imagined pressure has no consequences for not conforming

Question 4

Who proposed the three types of conformity?

Answer 4

Kelman

Question 5

What is internalisation in terms of conformity?

Answer 5

Making the beliefs, values, attitude and behaviour of the group your own; the strongest type of conformity

Question 6

What type of conformity is characterized by a temporary change in behavior in the presence of a group?

Answer 6

Identification

Question 7

What is compliance in the context of conformity?

Answer 7

Following others’ ideas to gain approval or avoid disapproval; public agreement but private disagreement

Question 8

What type of social influence leads to internalisation?

Answer 8

Informational Social Influence

Question 9

Fill in the blank: Informational Social Influence occurs when someone conforms because they want to be ______.

Answer 9

right

Question 10

What is the primary motivation behind normative social influence?

Answer 10

The desire to be liked and to be part of a group

Question 11

Give an example of normative social influence.

Answer 11

A person starting to smoke because they are surrounded by other people who smoke

Question 12

What did Fein et al. demonstrate in their study related to conformity?

Answer 12

Participants changed their mind after seeing others vote for a different candidate, showing the impact of informational social influence

Question 13

What is the relationship between uncertainty and informational social influence?

Answer 13

When a person is uncertain, they look to others for information, leading to conformity

Question 14

Fill in the blank: Compliance is the lowest level of conformity and is likely to occur as a result of ______.

Answer 14

normative social influence

Question 15

What is the link between NSI and bullying?

Answer 15

Evidence supports that NSI influences bullying behavior, where a boy can be manipulated by a bully to victimize another child to maintain group approval.

NSI stands for Normative Social Influence, which refers to changing behavior to fit in with a group.

Question 16

What did Garandeau and Cillissen find regarding bullying?

Answer 16

They found that a boy may victimise another child due to a common goal set by a bully, to avoid disapproval from friends.

This highlights the social dynamics involved in bullying situations.

Question 17

What does Lucas et al’s research indicate about conformity?

Answer 17

Conformity to an obviously incorrect maths answer increased when the question was more difficult and participants rated their maths ability unfavourably.

This demonstrates the impact of self-perception on decision-making in ambiguous situations.

Question 18

What is the significance of informational social influence?

Answer 18

Individuals are more likely to conform to others when they lack information to make informed decisions, especially in ambiguous situations.

Informational Social Influence (ISI) refers to conforming to others’ opinions when unsure about a situation.

Question 19

What does the ‘Two Process Model’ by Deutsch and Gerrard suggest?

Answer 19

NSI and ISI may not be mutually exclusive and can interact; dissenting confederates can provide social support and alternative information.

This model proposes that both types of social influence can operate simultaneously.

Question 20

How can a dissenting confederate affect NSI?

Answer 20

A dissenting confederate can provide social support, reducing the effect of NSI by sharing a similar view with the naive participant.

This shows the complexity of social influences on behavior.

Question 21

How can a dissenting confederate affect ISI?

Answer 21

A dissenting confederate can also reduce the effect of ISI by providing an alternative source of information.

This highlights the interplay between social support and informational influence.

Question 22

What is the relationship between NSI and ISI according to the text?

Answer 22

They may be complementary mechanisms rather than mutually exclusive.

Understanding their interaction can enhance comprehension of social influence processes.

Question 23

What was the aim of Zimbardo’s study?

Answer 23

To investigate how readily people would conform to social roles in a simulated environment and to explore why ‘good people do bad things’

The study aimed to understand the psychological mechanisms behind conformity and the impact of assigned roles.

Question 24

How many participants were involved in Zimbardo’s study?

Answer 24

24 American male undergraduate students

Question 25

What roles were assigned to participants in Zimbardo's study?

Answer 25

Guard or prisoner

Question 26

What was the setting of Zimbardo's study?

Answer 26

The basement of the Stanford University psychology building converted into a simulated prison

Question 27

What uniform did prisoners wear in the study?

Answer 27

Prisoners were only referred to by their assigned number

Question 28

What props were given to guards in Zimbardo's study?

Answer 28

Handcuffs and sunglasses

Question 29

Why were sunglasses given to guards in Zimbardo's study?

Answer 29

To make eye contact with prisoners impossible and reinforce boundaries

Question 30

What restrictions were placed on the participants in the simulated prison?

Answer 30

No one was allowed to leave; prisoners had limited access to the hallway and toilet

Question 31

What was observed in the behavior of guards during the study?

Answer 31

Guards began to harass and torment prisoners, enjoying their power and control

Question 32

What happened to the prisoners' behavior during the study?

Answer 32

Prisoners became submissive and would snitch on each other to please guards

Question 33

What does the behavior of prisoners suggest about their perception of the prison?

Answer 33

Prisoners believed the prison was real and were not merely acting due to demand characteristics

Question 34

What significant change occurred in the roles of guards and prisoners?

Answer 34

Guards became more demanding and assertive, while prisoners became more submissive

Question 35

What are some strengths of Zimbardo's study?

Answer 35

* Real life applications in prison management * Participants were fully debriefed * Recognition of ethical guidelines due to the study's issues

Question 36

What is a weakness related to the ecological validity of Zimbardo's study?

Answer 36

The study suffered from demand characteristics, as participants knew they were in a study

Question 37

What is a limitation regarding the population validity of Zimbardo's study?

Answer 37

The sample only consisted of American male students, limiting generalizability

Question 38

What ethical issue arose from the lack of informed consent in Zimbardo's study?

Answer 38

Deception was used to avoid demand characteristics and participant reactivity

Question 39

What psychological harm did participants experience in Zimbardo's study?

Answer 39

Participants were exposed to stress, anxiety, and emotional distress, with one prisoner released due to uncontrollable screaming

Question 40

True or False: Zimbardo's study met modern ethical standards.

Answer 40

False

Question 41

Fill in the blank: The study suggested that the respective social roles became increasingly _______.

Answer 41

internalised

Question 42

What type of prison setups are no longer used due to findings from Zimbardo's study?

Answer 42

Beehive-style prisons, where all cells are under constant surveillance

Question 43

What did one guard claim influenced his performance in Zimbardo's study?

Answer 43

The stereotypical guard role portrayed in the film Cool Hand Luke

Question 44

What is an agentic state?

Answer 44

When a person believes that someone else will take responsibility for their own actions ## Footnote This state contrasts with an autonomous state, where a person feels responsible for their own actions.

Question 45

What is an agentic shift?

Answer 45

The transition from an autonomous state to an agentic state

Question 46

What does agency theory propose?

Answer 46

People are more likely to obey when they are in an agentic state as they do not believe they will suffer the consequences of their actions

Question 47

What is the legitimacy of authority?

Answer 47

How credible the figure of authority is perceived to be

Question 48

What factors increase obedience according to the legitimacy of authority?

Answer 48

Credibility based on being morally good/right and legally based ## Footnote People are more likely to listen to parents or teachers than unknown adults.

Question 49

What is expert authority?

Answer 49

Authority that is viewed as legitimate because the individual holds a knowledgeable and responsible position

Question 50

List situational factors that influence obedience.

Answer 50

* Appearance of the authority figure * Location/surroundings * Proximity to the authority figure * Role of buffers

Question 51

How does the appearance of an authority figure affect obedience?

Answer 51

A person is more likely to obey someone wearing a uniform, which gives them higher status and greater legitimacy

Question 52

What was the effect of location on obedience in Milgram's study?

Answer 52

Obedience was greater in a prestigious location (Stanford) compared to a rundown office

Question 53

How does proximity to the authority figure affect obedience levels?

Answer 53

Obedience is higher when the authority figure is in the same room as the participant

Question 54

What were the obedience levels when the experimenter was in the same room versus over the phone in Milgram's study?

Answer 54

62.5% obedience in the same room vs. 20.5% in the remote instruction condition

Question 55

True or False: Some participants in Milgram's study did not believe the electric shocks were real.

Answer 55

True

Question 56

What percentage of participants believed the shocks were real according to Milgram's quantitative data?

Answer 56

70%

Question 57

What did Sheridan and King's study find regarding obedience to administering shocks?

Answer 57

100% of females administered real electric shocks to puppies

Question 58

How can agentic state and legitimacy of authority theories explain the My Lai Massacres?

Answer 58

Soldiers obeyed orders from Generals, shifting responsibility onto them due to their legitimate authority

Question 59

What criticism did Milgram have regarding the removal of a uniform in his variations?

Answer 59

It may have lacked validity as it was too obvious a substitution

Question 60

What are demand characteristics?

Answer 60

Participants behaving according to their expectations, potentially affecting the results

Question 61

What was the aim of Milgram's 1963 study?

Answer 61

To observe whether people would obey a figure of authority when told to harm another person

Question 62

How many male volunteers participated in Milgram's study?

Answer 62

40 male volunteers

Question 63

What roles were assigned to the participant and confederate in the study?

Answer 63

Participant as 'teacher' and confederate as 'learner'

Question 64

What was the range of electric shocks used in Milgram's experiment?

Answer 64

300V to 450V

Question 65

What voltage was marked as 'lethal' in the study?

Answer 65

330V

Question 66

What percentage of participants administered shocks up to 450V?

Answer 66

65%

Question 67

True or False: No participants stopped below 300V in Milgram's study.

Answer 67

True

Question 68

What factor increased obedience when the experimenter was present?

Answer 68

Proximity

Question 69

What was the obedience rate when the experimenter was in the same room?

Answer 69

62.5%

Question 70

How did the location of the study affect obedience?

Answer 70

Obedience increased when conducted at a prestigious university

Question 71

What effect did the experimenter's uniform have on obedience?

Answer 71

Higher obedience when wearing a lab coat

Question 72

What was one strength regarding the debriefing of participants?

Answer 72

Participants were thoroughly debriefed on the real aims of the study

Question 73

What percentage of participants felt glad to be part of the study in the follow-up?

Answer 73

84%

Question 74

What is one real-life application of Milgram's findings?

Answer 74

Increased awareness of obedience to destructive authority figures

Question 75

What did Gina Perry's review suggest about participants' beliefs regarding the shocks?

Answer 75

A significant number questioned the legitimacy of the electric shocks

Question 76

Fill in the blank: The procedure has been _______ all over the world.

Answer 76

replicated

Question 77

What was the obedience rate in the replication study 'Le Jeu de la Mort'?

Answer 77

85%

Question 78

What study supported the external validity of Milgram's findings?

Answer 78

Hofling et al (1966)

Question 79

What percentage of nurses obeyed a doctor's order in Hofling's study?

Answer 79

95%

Question 80

What ethical issue involved deception in Milgram's study?

Answer 80

Informed consent could not be obtained due to deception

Question 81

What signs of distress did participants show during the experiment?

Answer 81

Trembling, sweating, and nervous laughter

Question 82

What socially sensitive issue does Milgram's study raise?

Answer 82

Responsibility for actions due to situational influences

Question 83

What was one criticism regarding the internal validity of Milgram's study?

Answer 83

The experiment may have been about trust rather than obedience

Question 84

What percentage of obedience was observed in a run-down office replication?

Answer 84

20.5%

Question 85

What does lack of ecological validity refer to in Milgram's study?

Answer 85

Tasks given to participants do not resemble real-life situations