Overview - upper and lower limb Flashcards
1
Q
Femoral head fits into?
A
Acetabulum
2
Q
Anatomical neck of the femur is?
A
Just inferior to the femoral head
3
Q
Surgical neck of the femur is?
A
Region of the femoral neck that breaks the most
4
Q
Relation of anatomical and surgical neck in the femur?
A
In the femur, these are the same
5
Q
Muscles attach where on the femur?
A
Greater and lesser trochanter
6
Q
Shenton’s line is?
A
Line from superior pubic rami to medial border of femoral neck
7
Q
Change to Shenton’s line indicates?
A
Damage to the neck of the femur e.g. fracture
8
Q
Three ligaments of the hip joint? Anterior or posterior?
A
Iliofemoral - anterior
Pubofemoral - anterior
Ischiofemoral - posterior
9
Q
Strongest ligament of the hip joint?
A
Anterior iliofemoral ligament
10
Q
Hip joint is stable or not very stable?
A
Very very stable
11
Q
Appearance of the iliofemoral ligamnet?
A
Y-shaped ligament
12
Q
Most common dislocation at the hip and why?
A
Posterior dislocation - the iliofemoral is strongest ligament and this is anterior
13
Q
Change in shape of the ligaments to the hip joint upon movement of the leg is?
A
Relaxed when the hip is flexed
When leg moves backwards and extends, ligaments twist and turn
14
Q
When is the femoral head inserted deeper into the acetabulum?
A
When the ligaments of the hip twist upon leg extension
15
Q
Ligamentum teres is where?
A
Inside the acetabulum
16
Q
Ligamentum teres function is?
A
Helps to strengthen the joining of the head of the femur into the acetabulum
17
Q
What runs within the ligamentum teres?
A
Artery
18
Q
Main blood supply to the hip joint is?
A
Circumflex arteries - medial and lateral
19
Q
Circumflex arteries originate from?
A
Femoral artery
20
Q
Artery to the head of the femur provides blood supply to the hip in whom?
A
Children
21
Q
Artery to the head of the femur originates from?
A
Obturator artery
22
Q
Necrosis of head of the femur can be caused by?
A
Fracture to the neck of the femur
23
Q
When does the external iliac artery become the femoral artery?
A
When it passes under the inguinal ligament
24
Q
What branch does the external iliac artery give off?
A
Inferior epigastric artery
25
Inferior epigastric artery goes in which direction?
Superiorly
26
What are the three branches given off by the femoral artery?
Profunda femoris
Lateral circumflex
Medial circumflex
27
What does the femoral artery become and where?
Popliteal artery when it passes over the popliteus muscle
28
Popliteal artery is long or short?
Short
29
Popliteal artery bifrucates into which two arteries?
Anterior tibial
| Posterior tibial
30
Posterior tibial becomes which two arteries at teh posterior leg?
Continues as the posterior tibial artery
| Gives off the fibular artery
31
Two ligaments forming the greater and lesser sciatic foramen are?
Sacrospinous
| Sacrotuberous ligaments
32
How can you differentiate between the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments?
Sacrospinous ligament comes across and divides like the SPINE of the SCAPULA
33
Greater and lesser sciatic foramen - relation to each other?
Greater sciatic foramen is superior and lesser sciatic foramen is inferior
34
Muscle passing through greater sciatic foramen is?
Piriformis
35
Four nerves through greater sciatic foramen is?
Sciatic nerve
Pudendal nerve
Inferior gluteal nerve
Superior gluteal nerve
36
Which nerve through the greater sciatic foramen then passes back out through the lesser sciatic foramen?
Pudendal nerve
37
Where should IM injection be given in the bum and why?
Upper outer gluteal quadrant - avoid the sciatic nerve
38
What does the gluteus maximus insert into distally?
3/4 - iliotibial tract
| 1/4 - gluteal tuberosity of the femur
39
Iliotibial tract inserts into what?
Anterolateral tubercle of the tibia
40
Function of gluteus maximus is? x2
Hip extension
| Lateral rotation
41
Function of piriformis?
Aids gluteus maximus in lateral rotation
42
Nervous innervation to the lateral rotators?
L5, S1, S2
43
Six muscles that function for lateral rotation of the hip?
```
Gluteus maximus
Piriformis
Superior gemellus
Inferior gemellus
Obturator internus
Quadratus femoris
```
44
Superior gluteal nerve innervates? x2
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimis
Tensor fascia latae
45
Inferior gluteal nerve innervates?
Gluteus maximus
46
Trendelenberg test involves which nerve?
Superior gluteal
47
Function of gluteus minimus and medius?
Abduction of the hip
48
Results of the trendelenberg test?
If there is damage then the hip will drop on the unaffected side
Drooping on one side - other side damage to superior gluteal nerve
49
Three compartments of the thigh are?
Anterior
Posterior
Medial
50
Muscles and function of anterior compartment of thigh?
Quads + iliopsoas + sartorius
Knee extension
Hip flexion
51
Nervous innervation to the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Femoral nerve
52
Muscles and function of posterior compartment of thigh
Hamstrings
Knee flexion
Hip extension
53
Nervous innervation of medial compartment of thigh?
Obturator nerve
54
Muscles and function of medial compartment of thigh?
Hip adductors and gracilis
Adduction of hip
55
Nervous innervation of posterior compartment of thigh?
Sciatic nerve
56
Nerve roots of femoral nerve?
L2, L3, L4
57
Nerve roots of sciatic nerve?
L5, S1, S2
58
Nerve roots of obturator nerve?
L2, L3, L4
59
The three hip adductors are? (biggest to smallest)
Adductor Magnus, Longus, Brevis
MLB
60
Structure located deep to the inguinal ligament is?
Femoral VAN
61
What passes through the obturator foramen?
Obturator nerve
62
Main hip flexors are?
Iliopsoas
63
What are the four quadricep muscles?
Vastus medialis
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedialis
Rectus femoris
64
Which is the only quadricep that crosses the hip and has a role at the hip?
Rectus femoris
65
Where do the other three quadricep muscles have a function?
Knee
66
Two attachment points of hamstrings are?
Ischial tuberosity
| Tibia
67
Three hamstring muscles are?
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Biceps femoris (long head)
68
Three components of the pes anserinus are?
Insertion of the three muscles:
Sartorius
Gracilis
Semiteninosus
69
Borders of the femoral triangle are?
Inguinal ligament
Sartorius
Adductor longus
70
What is common through the femoral triangle?
Hernias in women
71
Two superficial veins of the leg?
Great saphenous vein
| Small saphenous vein
72
Three bones of the knee are?
Patella
Femur
Tibia
73
Larger meniscus is lateral or medial?
Medial
74
Posterior cruciate ligament attached to lateral or medial meniscus?
Lateral
75
Anterior cruciate ligament attached to lateral or medial meniscus?
Medial
76
ACL and PCL - which is stronger?
PCL
77
Lateral and medial meniscus - which is more movable?
Lateral - smaller and more movable
78
Two collateral ligaments of the knee are?
Lateral/fibular collateral
| Medial/tibial collateral
79
The menisci of the knee are superior or inferior to the patella bone?
Inferior
80
Main function of the PCL?
Stops the TIBIA moving back on the FEMUR
81
Two additional functions of the PCL?
Stabilise the knee in flexion
| Prevents external rotation of the tibia
82
Main function of the ACL?
Stops the TIBIA moving forward on the FEMUR
83
Two additional functions of the ACL?
Stabilise the knee in knee extension
| Preventions hyperextension and excessive internal rotation
84
Three components of the unhappy triad are?
Medial meniscus
ACL
Medial collateral
85
Deepest structure in the popliteal fossa is?
Popliteal artery
86
Function of anterior compartment of leg? x2
Dorsiflexion
| Extension of digits
87
Innervation of anterior compartment of leg?
Deep peroneal nerve
88
Artery of anterior compartment of leg?
Anterior tibial artery
89
Function of posterior compartment of leg? x2
Plantarflexion
| Flexion of digits
90
Innervation of posterior compartment of leg?
Tibial nerve
91
Artery of posterior compartment of leg?
Posterior tibial artery
92
Function of lateral compartment of leg?
Eversion
93
Innervation of lateral compartment of leg?
Superficial peroneal nerve
94
Artery of lateral compartment of leg?
Fibular artery
95
Three bones of the ankle?
Tibia
Fibula
Talus
96
Heel bone is?
Calcaneus
97
Blood supply to the head and neck of the femur is which artery?
Medial circumflex
98
Avascular necrosis to the head of the femur occurs with damage to which artery in an adult?
Medial circumflex
99
Presentation of the leg when the neck of the femur is fractured?
Shorter and lateral rotation
100
Presentation of the leg when the hip is dislocated?
Shorter and external rotation
101
Nerve most likely to be damaged in hip dislocation is?
Sciatic nerve
102
Rectus femoris could cause avulsion fracture of which boney prominence?
AAIS
103
Fracture of the tibia can cause damage to which nerve?
Common fibular nerve
104
HLA associated with ankylosing spondylitis is?
HLA-B27
105
Bow legs - genu varum or valgum?
Genu varum
106
Genu varum involves which bones in Blounts disease?
Just the tibia
107
Genu varum involves which bones in Rickets?
Tibia AND the femur
108
Muscles and nerve causing flexion of the hip?
Iliopsoas and rectus femoris and sartorius
Femoral nerve
109
Muscles and nerve causing extension of the hip?
Gluteus maximus and hamstrings (semitendinosus, semimembranosus and biceps femoris)
Sciatic nerve
110
Muscles and nerve causing abduction of the hip?
Gluteus medius and gluteus minimis
Superior gluteal nerve
111
Muscles and nerve causing adduction of the hip?
Adductors longus, brevis and magnus
Obturator nerve
112
Muscles and nerve causing lateral rotation of the hip?
Gluteus maximus and piriformis
Inferior gluteal nerve
113
Muscles and nerve causing medial rotation of the hip?
Gluteus medius, minimus and three hamstrings
114
Muscles and nerve causing flexion of the knee?
Three hamstrings - semimemb, tend and biceps femoris
Sciatic nerve
115
Muscles and nerve causing extension of the knee?
Four quadriceps - vastus lateralis, medialis, intermedius and rectus femoris
Femoral nerve
116
Muscles and nerve causing lateral rotation of the knee?
Semimemb, tend, gracilis, sartorius and popliteus
Sciatic nerve
117
Muscles and nerve causing medial rotation of the knee?
Biceps femoris
Sciatic nerve
118
Nerve root of femoral nerve?
L2, L3, L4
119
Nerve root of sciatic nerve?
S1, S2, S3
120
Nerve root of obturator nerve?
L2, L3, L4
