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Fundamentals (Nurs 113) > Oxgenation > Flashcards

Oxgenation Flashcards

1
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Movement of air into and out of the lungs
Inspiration and expiration

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2
Q

Respiration

A

Gas exchange between the atmospheric air in the alveoli and blood in capillaries

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3
Q

Perfusion

A

Oxygenated capillary blood passes through the body tissue

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4
Q

Mechanism of altercation in oxygenation

A

Musculature condition
Lung elasticity and compliance
Airways resistance

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5
Q

Musculature condition

A

When there is wreaking of the muscles that are involved in respiration it can cause less effective exhalation and inhalation

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6
Q

Lung compliance

A

The ease at which the lungs can be inflated
The ability of the ,bugs to full with air during inhalation is achieved with normal elasticity and is aided by surfactant
A stiff lung requires greater effort to inflate it

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7
Q

Airways and resistance

A

Any process that changes the bronchial diameter or width can cause airway resistance.
Obstruction
: foreign object, secretion, tissues
Inflammation of airway

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8
Q

Surface area available

A

If someone has a piece of their lung removed there will be decreased surface area

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9
Q

Thickening of the alveolar capillary membrane

A

Someone with history of smokingm or respiratory disease
The body is not able to distinguish which concentration is high or low

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10
Q

Hypoxemia

A

This is when there is lower than normal oxygen in the blood

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11
Q

What are the common causes of hypoxemia

A

Anemia
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
COPD
Pneumonia
Pulmonary edema
Emphysema

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12
Q

Pneumonia and hypoxemia

A

Pneumonia causes inflammation to the lungs air sacs leading to swelling and accumulation of fluids and the formation of pus. This impaired oxygen uptake

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13
Q

Pulmonary edema and hypoxemia

A

With pulmonary edema there is a fluid buildup in the alveoli that hinders the exchange of oxygen from the air sacs to the blood stream.decrease oxygen intake

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14
Q

Emphysema and hypoxemia

A

This is when the lung tissue gradually gets damaged. Loses function and the loses ability to perform gas exchange

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15
Q

Hypoxia

A

Inadequate amount of oxygen in the cells

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16
Q

Hypoxia occurs when there is a problem with?

A

Problem with ventilation, respiration or perfusion

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17
Q

Clinical manifestations of hypoxia

A

Dyspnea: difficulty breathing
Increase blood pressure and the heart is working harder
Increased respiratory rate
Increased pulse rate form the heart working harder
Pallor
Cyanosis
Anxiety
Restlessness
Confusion
Drowsiness

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18
Q

Risk factors affecting oxygenation

A

Level of health
Developmental considerations
Medication
Lifestyle
Environment

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19
Q

Normal respiratory rate for infant (birth to 1)

A

30-60

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20
Q

Res rate for early childhood

A

20-40

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21
Q

Res rate for late childhood

A

15 to 25

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22
Q

Infants

A

The chest wall is very small
30-60 bpm
They use accessory muscles to breathe

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23
Q

Toddlers, preschoolers, school aged children, and adolescents

A

They have increased risk for respiratory illness
Respiratory rate start to stabilize

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24
Q

Older adults

A

They have decried lung elasticity which is normal
Shallow breathing

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25
Q

Assessment techniques

A

Patient history
Interview
Assessment guide
Physical assessment
Labs and diagnostic

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26
Q

How do you conduct a physical assessments

A

Inspect, palpation, percussion and auscultate

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27
Q

Lab and diagnostic

A

Pulmonary function test
Common diagnosis

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28
Q

Patient history

A

Interview and to identify
Current health issues
Potential health problems
Actions to meet respiratory needs
Aids used to improve ventilation
Effect on lifestyle and relationship

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29
Q

What actions that are performed by the patient to meet respiratory needs should be concerning

A

If the patient needs to raise the head of the bed
The head needs to be elevated
Sitting up to sleep

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30
Q

What are some aids to ventilation questions

A

Oxygen
How many liters
Do they use it all the time

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31
Q

What are the normal breath sounds

A

Vesicular
Bronchial
Brinchovesicular

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32
Q

Vesicular . Where is it heard mostly

A

This is low pitched and soft on inspiration being longer than expiration
Heard mostly over lungs

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33
Q

Bronchial. Where is it mostly heard

A

High pitched and sounds on expiration being longer than inspiration
Over trachea

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34
Q

Bronchovesicular. Where is it heard

A

Medium itched and sound with inspiration equal to expiration
Over the mainstream bronchus

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35
Q

Abnormal breath sounds

A

Crackles
Rhonchi
Wheezes

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36
Q

Crackles

A

Intermittent popping sounds occurring when air moves through airways that have fluid
Sound like someone is opening a bag of chips
Pulmonary edema
CHF

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37
Q

Rhonchi

A

Course snoring quality, continuous sounds when air is passing through or around secrets
Pneumonia

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38
Q

Wheezes

A

Musical whistling sounds as air passes through airway constricted by narrowing swelling secretions or tumors
Asthma
COPD
Emphysema
Tumor

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39
Q

Spirometry

A

Measures volume of air inhaled or exhales by patient over time

40
Q

Peak expiratory flow rate

A

Determine if there is a airway constriction

41
Q

Pulse oximerty

A

95-100%
Measures arterial oxygenation saturation

42
Q

Arterial blood gas and pH analysis

A

Measures the adequacy of oxygenation

43
Q

Electrocardiography

A

Measures the heart electrical activity

44
Q

Pulmonary function studying

A

Assess the respiratory function

45
Q

Pulse oximetry

A

Measures the arterial oxygenation saturation

46
Q

Cryptologic study

A

Detects malignant cells and infectious organism

47
Q

Endoscopic studies

A

Visualizes airway

48
Q

Skin test

A

Identifies the exposure to disease

49
Q

Radiography

A

Help diagnose and termite progress or pulmonary disease

50
Q

Lung scan

A

Measures the integrity of airway and detect ventilation abnormalities

51
Q

Capnogrhy

A

Method to monitor ventilation. Blood flow through the lungs

52
Q

Thoracentesis

A

Picturing the chest wall and aspirate the pleural fluid

53
Q

Altercations in respiratory functioning problem

A

Ineffective airways clearance r/t secretion in bronchi
Impaired gas exchange r/t alters oxygen supply
Ineffective breathing pattern r/t pain

54
Q

Altercations in respiratory functioning as the etiology

A

Activity intolerance related to SOB
Anxiety related to impaired gas exchange
Acute pain related to pleural inflammation

55
Q

What are the expected outcomes

A

Patient will demonstrate improved gas exchange in lungs by absence of cyanosis and pulse oximetry reading of 95% or greater.
Demonstrate self care behavior that provide relief for, symptoms and prevent further cardiopulmonary problems
Relate causative factors if known and demonstrate a method of coping with these factors

56
Q

Nursing and collaborative interventions

A

Suction airway
Medicine
Supplemental oxygen
Using artificial arirways
Managing chest tubes

57
Q

What is the main goal

A

To promote optimal functioning of cardiopulmonary systems, promote comfort, promote and control cough

58
Q

Nursing interventions to promote comfort

A

Positioning
Maintain adequate fluid intake
Providing humidified air

59
Q

Positioning

A

Use a position that allows free movement of the diaphragm and expansion of the chest wall.

60
Q

Which position is best for better breathing for patients who have Dyspnea and orthopnea

A

High Fowlers position

61
Q

Sitting in a slumped position

A

Permit the abdominal content to push upward in the diaphragm and decrease lung expansion during inspiration

62
Q

Maintain adequate fluid intake

A

Help loosen up secretions
Drink at least 1.5 to 2 liters

63
Q

Providing humidified air

A

Inhalation if dry air removes the normal moisture in the respiratory tract
Water vapor creates moisture into the air

64
Q

Promote proper breathing

A

Deep breathing
Incentive spirometry
Pursed lips
Diaphragm breathing

65
Q

Deep breathing

A

Increases the amount of air enters the lungs more oxygen

Helps with Hypoventilation

66
Q

Incentive spirometry

A

Provides visual reinforcement when deep breathing
Sustain maximal inhalation

67
Q

Pursed lips breathing

A

Patient who experience shortness of breath
Prolong the expiration and prevent collapse of the airway

68
Q

Diaphragmatic breathing

A

COPD and Dyspnea
Slow down a persons breathing and help them catch their breath
Belly breathing
Sit upright or lie on their back on a flat surface with knees bent and pillow under knees. Hand on stomach and the other in middle of chest

69
Q

Promoting and controlling cough

A

Voluntary cough
Involuntary cough
Cough medication
Teach about medicine

70
Q

Voluntary coughing

A

Teach the patient this for pre and post operative care
Rise and remove secretion that is built up overnight

71
Q

Involuntary coughing

A

Often accompanies respiratory tract infection and irritations and lead to the production or respiratory secretion which trigger a cough
It can be fatiguing and irritating

72
Q

Productive vs non productive cough

A

Productive cough is when you cough and something comes up
Non productive cough is when nothing comes up

73
Q

Types of cough medication

A

Expectorant
Suppressant
Lozenges

74
Q

Expectorants

A

Help with the removal of respiratory tract secretion
Give to patient with thick secretion
Makes nonproductive cough become productive

75
Q

Suppressants

A

If a patient have an irritable nonproductive cough without congestion they can be given a suppressant help sleep

76
Q

Cough suppressant with a productive cough

A

If productive cough is suppressed then the secretion can be retained causing pulmonary infection

77
Q

Lozenges

A

Soothes the throat
Relieve mild nonproductive cough
Think sore throat

78
Q

Teaching about medication

A

Can be detrimental to those with hypertension, thyroid or cardiac disease
Prolong use of cough medication can cause more serious problem
More than 6 days to see doctor
Teach about suppressant vs expectorant

79
Q

Suctioning airway

A

To maintain patient airway and remove saliva, pulmonary secretion, blood etc from pharynx.
Pre oxgentate the patient before suction
Orally or from the nares or tracheostomy
The patient is able to raise from the airways but unable to clear from mouth

80
Q

Medication intervention To improve respiratory function

A

Bronchodilator
Mucolytic agent
Corticosteroid

81
Q

Bronchodilator

A

Open the airway that is narrowed
Narrow passage cause wheezing
Emphysema

82
Q

Mucolytic agents

A

They liquify or loosen thick liquids

83
Q

Corticosteroids

A

Reduce inflammation in airway
Emphysema

84
Q

Administered via nebulizers

A

Bronchodilator
Metered dose inhaler
Dry power inhaler

85
Q

Nasal cannula: low flow

A

A maximum of 6 liters
Check frequently to make sure that the prongs are placed properly in the nares

86
Q

Simple mask: low flow

A

5-8 liters
Check to make sure mask is placed correctly

87
Q

No breather mask: low flow

A

10-15 liters
Check the valves and rubber flaps
Maintain the rate so that the reservoir bag collapses only slightly during inspiration

88
Q

Venturi mask: high flow

A

4-6 liters

89
Q

What is important to remember when giving oxygen

A

You must have an order

90
Q

Precautions with oxygen

A

Keep at least 6 feet away from any source of fire
No smoking
No electrical equipment near the tank
Secure the tank in a holder away from heat or sunlight
Avoid oils in the area
Have working smoke detectors
Working fire extinguisher

91
Q

Administering oxygen

A

Follow the prescription for the oxygen
Ensure that there is enough when leaving the house
Know the signs and symptoms
Have healthcare providers number

92
Q

Healthy lifestyle

A

Activity and mobility increases your cardiac output and respiratory
So when you are such the body is already used to the high demand making you recover well

93
Q

Vaccinations

A

Older adults is at high risk
Covid, pneumonia, flu

94
Q

Pollution free environment

A

Occupations such as nail tech and construction workers

95
Q

Minimize anxiety

A

Medulla controls breathing
High stress causes Hypoventilation not adequately perfusion

96
Q

Marinating good nutrition

A

Healthy lifestyle
Foods low in fat

97
Q

Who might pursed lip breathing be good for

A

Patient with dyspnea
It imporove gas exchange
And avoid narrowing of the airway

Fundamentals (Nurs 113) (11 decks)

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