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Nursing Semester 1 > Oxygenation > Flashcards

Oxygenation Flashcards

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1
Q

Alterations in respiratory function:

A

hypoventilation

hyperventilation

hypoxia

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2
Q

Hypoventilation:

A

Alveolar ventilation is inadequate to meet the oxygen demand of the body or eliminate sufficient carbon dioxide

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3
Q

Atelectasis is

A

a collapse of the alveoli, prevents normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

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4
Q

Hypoxia is

A

inadequate tissue oxygenation at the CELLULAR level.

Results from a deficiency in oxygen delivery or oxygen use at the cellular level

life threatening

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5
Q

Hypoxemia is

A

suboptimal normal partial pressure of oxygen.

Untreated hypoxemia will result in hypoxia.

Hypoxemia is common cause of hypoxia however hypoxia can exist without hypoxemia

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6
Q

Causes of Hypoxemia

A

Poor alveolar ventilation due to decreased tidal volume or respiratory rate

Decreased diffusion of oxygen from alveoli to pulmonary capillaries as a result of THICKENING of the alveolar-capillary membrane ventilation/perfusion mismatch

Shunting- occurs when venous blood travels from the right to left side of heart without passing by inflated alveoli resulting in MIXING of venous and arterial blood

Ventilation/perfusion mismatch

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7
Q

Causes of Hypoxia:

A

Anemic hypoxia

Ischemic stagnant hypoxia

Histotoxic hypoxia/dysoxia

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8
Q

Anemic hypoxia:

A

decreased ability to transport oxygen and can be result of low hemoglobin levels (anemia, hypovolemic shock) or reduced function of hemoglobin (carbon monoxide poisoning)

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9
Q

Ischemic/stagnant hypoxia:

A

occurs when there is decreased delivery of oxygen to tissue cells as a result of insufficient blood flow and which may be the result of systemic conditions (cardiac failure) or local disruption to circulation (tissue edema or local arterial damage).

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10
Q

Histotoxic hypoxia:

A

occurs when tissues are unable to properly utilize oxygen despite adequate oxygen supply and which occurs as a result of cellular poisons (cyanide), abnormal tissue oxygen requirements, or poor oxygen diffusion across cell membrane (tissue edema)

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11
Q

Hypoxemia ranges:

A

pO2 of less than 60 mmHG or an oxygen saturation of less than 90% leaving oxygen saturations in the range of 90-95%

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12
Q

Respiratory failure is defined as a

A

pO2 less than 50 mmHg and a pCO2 greater than 50 mmHG

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13
Q

Ventilation:

A

process of moving gases into and out of the lungs

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14
Q

Atelectasis:

A

collapse of the alveoli that prevents normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

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15
Q

External respiration:

A

exchange of O2 and CO2 between alveoli and blood

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16
Q

Gas transport:

A

blood transports O2 and CO2 to body cells

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17
Q

Internal respiration

A

exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and cells

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18
Q

Blood and tissue oxygenation is through the process of ___________ (3)

A

Ventilation

Perfusion

Diffusion

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19
Q

Accumulation of carbonic acid in the body leads to

A

respiratory acid-base disorder termed respiratory acidosis

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20
Q

Majority of CARBON DIOXIDE molecules are transported in the blood as

A

BICARBONATE HCO2

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21
Q

Factors affecting respiration could stem from

A

integrity of the airway system (ventilation)

functioning cardiovascular system (perfusion)

functioning alveoli (diffusion)

functioning medulla & chemoreceptors

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22
Q

Physiologic factors Gas-exchange:

A

decrease oxygen-carrying capacity

hypovolemia

decrease inspired oxygen concentration

increased metabolic rate

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23
Q

Physiologic factors affecting gas-exchange:

A

Lung elasticity/compliance (ability to stretch and recoil)

Airway obstruction

musculature condition

trauma

neuromuscular disease

central nervous system

influences of chronic disease

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24
Q

Alteration in cardiac function that could affect oxygenation:

A

cardiac arrhythmias

congestive heart failure

valvular dysfunction

cardiac ischemia

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25
Fick's law of Diffusion
rate of a diffusion of gas is dependent on surface area and thickness of membrane
26
Factors affecting oxygenation
Developmental factors (age) infants/toddlers school age children and adolescents young-middle age adults older adults medication respiratory history occupation
27
Psycho-social factors affecting oxygenation
environment stress emotions health ``` Lifestyle factors: nutrition exercise smoking substance abuse ```
28
Afterload
resistance to left ventricular ejection
29
Angina pectoris
transient imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand results in aching, sharp, tingling or burning chest pain
30
Atelectasis
collapse of the alveoli that prevents normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
31
Bronchoscopy
procedure that allows viewing of airway through a thin viewing instrument called a bronchoscope. During a bronchoscopy, your doctor will examine your throat, larynx , trachea , and lower airways.
32
Cardiac index
assessment of patient's cardiac output based on size
33
Cardiac output
amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle each minute normal: 4-6 L/min increases during exercise, pregnancy, fever and decreases during sleep
34
Cardiopulmonary rehabilitation
helps patients achieve and maintain an optimal level of health through controlled physical exercise nutrition counseling relaxation and stress management techniques prescribed medications and oxygen
35
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CAB Chest compression Airway Breathing ventilation is done after first cycle of 30 chest compressions
36
Chest physiotherapy
group of therapies for mobilizing pulmonary secretions include postural drainage, chest percussion and vibration CPT is followed by productive coughing or suctioning of a patient who has decreased ability to cough
37
Chest tube
a catheter inserted through the thorax to remove air and fluids from the pleural space to prevent air or fluid from reentering the pleural space or to reestablish normal intrapleural and intrapulmonic pressures common after chest surgery and chest trauma used for treatment of pneumothorax or hemothorax to promote lung reexpansion
38
Cyanosis
bluish or purplish discolouration of the skin or mucous membranes due to the tissues near the skin surface having low oxygen saturation.
39
Diaphragmatic breathing
useful for patients with pulmonary disease, posted patients and women in labor to promote relaxation and provide pain control improves efficiency of breathing by decreasing air trapping and reducing the WOB
40
Diffusion
movement of oxygen in the blood
41
dyspnea
associated with hypoxia subjective sensation of difficult or uncomfortable breathing shortness of breath usually associated with exercise or excitement, pulmonary diseases, cardiovascular diseases, neuromuscular conditions and anemia exaggerated respiratory effort
42
Dysrhythmias
electrical impulses that do not originate from the SA node cause conduction disturbances rhythm disturbances, deviation from the normal sinus rhythm occur as a primary conduction disturbance such as in response to ischemia, valvular abnormality, anxiety, drug toxicity, caffeine, alcohol/tobacco, complication of acid base or electrolyte imbalance
43
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
electrical activity of the conduction system monitors the regularity and path of the electrical impulse through the conduction system does not reflect muscular work of heart
44
Normal sequence on ECG is called
normal sinus rhythm
45
Expiration
PASSIVE process that depends on the elastic recoil properties of the lungs, requiring little or no muscle work
46
Inspiration
active process stimulated by chemical receptors in aorta
47
Hematemesis
vomiting of blood
48
Hemoptysis
coughing up blood
49
Hemothroax
accumulation of blood and fluid in the pleural cavity between the parietal and visceral pleura and usually result of trauma
50
Humidification
process of adding water to gas
51
Hyperventilation
lungs remove carbon dioxide faster than it is produced by cellular respiration anxiety, infection, drugs or acid base imbalance induce hyperventilation RAPID RESPIRATIONS, SIGHING BREATHS, NUBNESS AND TINGLING OF HANDS/FEET, LIGHT HEADEDNESS, LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS
52
Hypoventilation
alveolar ventilation is inadequate to meet the oxygen demand of the body or eliminate sufficient carbon dioxide body retains CO2 - can lead to respiratory acidosis/arrest mental status change, dysrhythmias, potential cardiac arrest
53
Nasal cannula
simple comfortable device used for precise oxygen delivery
54
Simple masks
short term oxygen therapy ... useful for short periods such as patient transportation
55
Partial rebreather
a breathing set that recycles exhaled air and mixes that with a breathing gas containing oxygen. This reduces the amount of breathing gas needed.
56
Non-rebreather
requires that the patient can breathe unassisted, but unlike low flow nasal cannula, the NRB allows for the delivery of higher concentrations of oxygen.
57
CPAP
Continuous positive airway pressure treats patients with obstructive sleep apnea, heart failure and preterm infants with underdeveloped lungs
58
BIPAP
Bilevel positive airway pressure provides both inspiratory positive airway pressure (IPAP) and expiratory airway pressure (EPAP) difference between two pressures indicates amount of pressure support patient needs
59
Ventilator (ET)
Endotracheal tube short term artificial airway to administer invasive mechanical ventilation, relieve upper airway obstruction, protect against aspiration or clear secretions
60
Ventilator (Tracheostomy)
long term assistance surgical invasion made into trachea patients can't speak because tube is inserted below vocal cords
61
Normal respiratory rate of newborn
30-60 breaths/min
62
PQRST
Provokes quality region/radiation severity scale timing
63
Tachypnea
R>24
64
Bradypnea
R<10
65
Hypovolemia
Extracellular fluid loss and reduced circulating blood volume
66
4 factors that influence adequacy of circulation, ventilation, perfusion and transport of respiratory gases to tissues
physiological developmental lifestyle environmental
67
Orthopnea
abnormal condition in which a patient uses multiple pillows when reclining to breathe easier or sits leaning forward with arms elevated
68
Apnea
absence of respirations lasting for 15 seconds or longer
69
Cheyne-stokes respiration
occurs when there is decreased blood flow or injury to the brainstem
70
Oxygenated blood leaves the heart and is pushed to the tissues via
aorta
71
The ______ returns deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart
inferior vena cava
72
Deoxygenated blood moves from the right atrium to the lungs via __
pulmonary artery
73
Oxygenated blood from the lungs flows into the ____
left atrium
74
Deoxygenated blood from the body flows through the ____ system to the heart, flowing into the _________
venous system right atrium
75
Oxygenated blood is pumped to all parts of the body from the _______
left ventricle
76
Deoxygenated blood from the heart is pumped from the ______ to the _______ for oxygenation
right ventricle lungs
77
Upper respiratory tract includes
nose nasal cavity sinuses pharynx
78
Lower respiratory tract contains
larynx, where the vocal cords are trachea bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
79
Which nerve do impulses travel through to stimulate diaphragm to move downward during inspiration
phrenic nerve
80
Intercostal nerve stimulates the
intercostal muscles along the ribs to contract
81
During ____, the diaphragm relaxes, the chest and lung tissues ____ and intraalveolar pressure ___ causing air to be forced out of lungs
expiration recoil increases
82
During expiration, pressure is
decreased volume in thoracic cavity increases pressure in lungs causing air to flow out
83
Inspiration volume and air pressure
increased volume in thoracic cavity decreased air pressure- draws air into lungs
84
External respiration:
exchange of gases between the lungs and blood
85
Internal respiration
exchange of gases between the blood and tissues
86
cellular respiration
cells use the oxygen for metabolism, releasing carbon dioxide
87
Which part of respiratory tract does air pass after moving through trachea?
Bronchioles alveoli
88
Perfusion is
when oxygen enriched blood then travels to the body's tissues
89
Damage to the epicardium would cause
impaired secretion of serous fluid increased friction during heart contractions
90
Steps of inspiration and expiration
Respiratory center in brain releases an impulse to nerves phrenic nerve stimulates the diaphragm to move downward and the intercostal nerve causes the intercostal muscles to contract the chest cavity expands, causing decreased idntraalveolar pressure atmospheric pressure exceeds idntraalveolar pressure, causing air to move into the respiratory tract and the lungs fill with air diaphragm relaxes and idntraalveolar pressure increases air is forced out from the lungs
91
Coronary arteries include the
right coronary left main left anterior descending circumflex
92
Common disorder that impairs airflow in lungs due to inflammation and structural damage
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease which includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis
93
Chronic bronchitis characteristics
inflammation of the large airways increased mucus production chronic cough
94
Fick's law of diffusion:
rate of diffusion of gas is dependent on SURFACE AREA and THICKNESS of the membrane

Nursing Semester 1 (24 decks)

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