P/S lecture 3

Question 1

dramaturgical perspective

Answer 1

idea that we play certain roles in different contexts and that people present themselves according to society’s view of what’s acceptable

Question 2

“front stage” (dramaturgical perspective)

Answer 2

context in which we are aware of how we appear to others

Question 3

“back stage” (dramaturgical perspective)

Answer 3

context in which we are not worrying about how others see us

Question 4

self concept

Answer 4

beliefs about who you are personally and socially

Question 5

characteristics that may be involved in one’s self concept

Answer 5

ADDRESSING: Age, Disabilities (acquired), Disabilities (developmental), Religion, Ethnicity, Sexual orientation, SES, Indigenous background, National origin, Gender

Question 6

difference btw self concept and self schemas

Answer 6

self concept is made of self schemas; self schemas help process info about oneself and add to the concept

Question 7

self efficacy

Answer 7

ones belief about their ability

Question 8

internal locus of control

Answer 8

believing that you are in control of a situation

Question 9

external locus of control

Answer 9

believing something else is in control of a situation

Question 10

Seligman experiment

Answer 10

confirmed the existence of learned helplessness – found that dogs when shocked would not try to avoid it if they saw no way out

Question 11

escape behavior

Answer 11

termination of an unpredicted, unpleasant stimulus that has already occurred e.g. pretending to be ill bc of a pop quiz

Question 12

avoidance behavior

Answer 12

avoidance of a predicted, unpleasant stimulus before it is initiated e.g. calling in sick bc you have an exam

Question 13

social learning theory

Answer 13

new behaviors can be learned thru observation and/or imitation i.e. thru social contexts

Question 14

social comparison theory

Answer 14

determining one’s identity by comparing themselves to others in different reference groups

Question 15

Selman’s levels of cognitive development

Answer 15

• egocentric (ages 3-6)
• subjective (ages 6-8)
• self reflexive (ages 8-10)
• mutual (10-12)
• societal (12-15+)

Question 16

role taking

Answer 16

understanding another person’s point of view

Question 17

moral identity

Answer 17

the degree to which morality if important to a person’s identity

Question 18

Kohlberg’s stages of moral development

Answer 18

• preconventional – interest only in self, obedience, and avoiding punishment
• conventional – interest in conformity, authority, and social order (adolescents and adults)
• postconventional – interest in social contract (ie following rules if we believe them) and universal principles

Question 19

social facilitation

Answer 19

the concept that we perform tasks differently when people are watching; if a person is good at the task, they do better, and worse if they are bad at it

Question 20

deindividuation

Answer 20

in groups, emotional arousal incr and personal responsibility decr – we care less about other’s opinions of us

Question 21

bystander effect

Answer 21

people are less likely to help another person when other people are also around (see diffusion of responsibility)

Question 22

diffusion of responsibility

Answer 22

responsibility to intervene is inversely related to how many people are present

Question 23

social loafing

Answer 23

when a person working in a group exerts less effort

Question 24

peer groups

Answer 24

social groups whose members are close in age and interest

Question 25

groupthink

Answer 25

when decision is made quickly and often irrationally to achieve a consensus

Question 26

mindguarding

Answer 26

characteristic of a group; when opposing ideas are prevented from influence

Question 27

group polarization

Answer 27

occurs when the sum of opinions lean one way before any debate; opinion becomes more polarized toward the preexisting views

Question 28

conformity vs obedience

Answer 28

adjusting behavior based on: the behavior or thinking of others (conformity) vs the instructions of others (obedience)

Question 29

attribution theory

Answer 29

the idea that we tend to favor ourselves and disfavor others

Question 30

factors that lead to external attribution

Answer 30

consistent (same behavior for same situation), distinctive behaviors (same behavior for diff situations), consensus (same behavior for diff ppl)

Question 31

fundamental attribution error

Answer 31

the idea that we attribute poor behavior of others to internal (dispositional) factors

Question 32

actor/observer bias

Answer 32

the idea that we attribute our own poor behavior to a situation instead of personality

Question 33

self serving bias

Answer 33

attributing successes to ourselves and failures to others

Question 34

optimism bias

Answer 34

believing that bad things only happen to other people

Question 35

just world belief

Answer 35

believing that bad things happen to other people bc of their actions

Question 36

ultimate attribution error

Answer 36

looking more favorably upon in-groups

Question 37

ethnocentrism

Answer 37

belief in the superiority of one group/culture

Question 38

stereotype threat

Answer 38

when people know that they are at risk of a self fulfilling prophecy (can affect both minority and majority groups)

Question 39

stereotype boost

Answer 39

when people perform better because they are made aware of the positive stereotype

Question 40

elaboration likelihood model

Answer 40

theory that describes what part of the argument will cause persuasion -- the content or some superficial quality of the argument

Question 41

target characteristics

Answer 41

aka type of audience -- whether or not they have motivation and ability to focus on the message

Question 42

central route of cognitive processing

Answer 42

when ppl are persuaded by the content of he organization

Question 43

peripheral route of cognitive processing

Answer 43

when ppl are persuaded by characteristics of speech or speaker

Question 44

difference btw compliance and private acceptance

Answer 44

both are due to influence of others, but compliance changes behavior whereas private acceptance changes attitude

Question 45

foot in the door technique

Answer 45

asking for a small request (foot) before a bigger one (all the way in)

Question 46

door in the face technique

Answer 46

asking for a big request before a small one

Question 47

low ball technique

Answer 47

getting someone to agree to a low cost then increasing the cost

Question 48

norm of reciprocity

Answer 48

being more likely to comply with a request from someone who has done us a favor

Question 49

asch experiment

Answer 49

demonstrated compliance -- subjects switched answers when confederates gave arguments against the correct one

Question 50

milgram experiment findings

Answer 50

demonstrated obedience -- people were likely to give up morals when authority told them to

Question 51

harlow experiment findings

Answer 51

showed that humans are social creatures -- monkeys preferred soft mothers over those who fed them

Question 52

ainsworth experiment findings

Answer 52

securely v insecurely attached children

Question 53

securely attached

Answer 53

plays and explores around mother; cries when she leave; stops when she comes back

Question 54

insecurely attached

Answer 54

less likely to explore; cries when mother leaves; continues crying or is indifferent when she returns

Question 55

ambivalent attachment

Answer 55

type of insecure attachment where child is very dependent -- cries when mother leaves and rejects her when she comes back

Question 56

avoidant attachment

Answer 56

type of insecure attachment where child is very independent -- doesnt seek caregiver when they comeback

Question 57

correspondent interference theory

Answer 57

attributions made to a person acc to their behavior