(P1 B) Language and situation Flashcards
what is Grices cooperative principle?
-conversation succeed due to cooperation when communicating
-through use of maxims
what do the 4 maxims mean?
-quality= truth
-quantity= sufficient info
-relevance
-manner= clear, present, helpful
what is Brown and Levinson politeness theory?
-saving face
-positive face= self esteem
-negative face= desire to be free/ act as we wish
what is conversational implicature?
-indirect speech acts telling us what the speaker means
-relies on cooperative theory
what are the 4 type of contexts?
-physical=where
-epistemic= what speakers know about the world
-linguistic= already said in the utterance
-social= social relationship
what are the 5 types of register?
-frozen= old discourse
-formal= standardised
-consultative= expert-novice
-casual= informal
-intimate= close
what is Hallidays language system?
-field= subject matter
-tenor= status, age ,gender, relationship
-mode= channel of communication
what are Hallidays 7 functions of language?
-instrumental= needs
-regulatory= what to do
-interactional= social relationships
-personal= opinions
-heuristic= questions
-imaginative
-representational= info
what is Hallidays theory on the meta functions of language?
-language is a resource for conveying meaning
-grammar a tool for effective communication
-focus on whole system and purpose of grammar
-looks at clauses
what are the 3 semantic structures that combine in a clause to create meaning?
-interpersonal meta function= social relationships and interactions
-ideational meta function= grammatical resources to express experiences
-textual meta function= link complex ideas together
what are the 6 characteristics John Swales defines a discourse community by?
-common set of Goals
-internal Communication amongst members
-levels of Membership
-provides Info and feedback
multiple Genres to further its aims
-specialist Lexis
What is Giles CAT/ SAT
-communication/speech accommodation theory
-change our speech to be closer or further apart from others
what do people usually accommodate due to?
-influence of social factors
what is interpersonal and intergroup accommodation?
-personalities, our interests
-identities as members of social groups
what is convergence?
-change speech to sound more like interlocutor
what is divergence?
emphasises a difference in communication style
what are the 4 motives for divergence?
-emphasise difference form others
-shape others feelings
-show belonging to a specific group
-influence others speech
what is maintenance?
refusing to change communication style
what three things are assessed when judging how to perceive accommodation?
-language competence
-effort speaker is making
-external pressures
what is upwards and downwards convergence?
-u= match interlocutor by sounding more upper class
-d= downplay social status
what is upwards and downwards divergence?
-u=accentuating social status to distance from others
-d=opposite
what does Barbara Ellen say about the PC movement?
-‘benefits (protection, fairness, community spirit) far outweigh the drawbacks’
what is Goffman face theory?
self image
public image
what is positive face?
desire to be like
