linguistic terminology Flashcards
1
Q
material verbs
A
show actions or events
(hit, jump, build)
2
Q
relational verbs
A
identify properties or shows state of being
3
Q
mental verbs
A
internal processes
4
Q
verbal verbs
A
external processes of communication through speech
5
Q
base adjectives/ adverbs
A
basic form or an adjective or adverb
6
Q
superlative adjective/ adverb
A
‘est’
7
Q
attributive adjective/ adverb
A
come before noun
8
Q
predicative adjective/ adverb
A
come after the noun
9
Q
evaluative adjective/ adverb
A
something that can be measured or compared
(nice, boring)
10
Q
personal pronouns
A
people
I- first person singular
11
Q
demonstrative pronouns
A
oriented reader towards something
(this, that, these)
12
Q
In definite pronouns
A
person, inject or idea that is non specific
(someone, anybody, everything)
13
Q
Articles
A
shows something is definite or indefinite
the
an
14
Q
possessives
A
show ownership
my
your
her
15
Q
quantifiers
A
some
any
one
16
Q
co ordinating conjunctions
A
link words or larger structures together when they are equal
and
but
yet
17
Q
subordinating conjunctions
A
link clauses together to show one is dependent on the other
because
although
18
Q
What is direct speech?
A
quotation marks
19
Q
what is indirect speech?
A
phrasing their main points
20
Q
what is cataphoric referencing?
A
referring to something that will be said later in the text
21
Q
what is anaphoric referencing?
A
referring to something that was said previously in the text
22
Q
what is exophoric referencing?
A
referring to something outside of the text
23
Q
what is passive voice?
A
object verb
24
Q
what is active voice
A
subject verb object
25
what is a transitive verb?
requires a direct object
i bake cookies
26
what is an intransitive verb?
doesn’t require an object
I laugh
27
what is an adverbial?
a word or group of words that are used to give more information about the verb
28
what is a prepositional phrase?
A group of words, consisting of preposition, its object, and any words that modify the object
29
why is speech used?
atmosphere
vivid image
show inequality
set up manipulation/ plot
understand characters background
30
what is an auxiliary verb?
Helping verb
shows time, tense and possibility
e.g. ‘be’ or i have read
31
what is anaphora?
repeated words or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses
eg. their right to live, their right to love, their right to laugh
32
what is epiphora?
repeated word or phrase at the end of successive clause
eg. for no gov is better and i want the best, and we need the best, and we deserve the best
33
What is epizeuxis?
repetition of words or phrases in immediate succession
eg. oh horror, horror, horror
34
what is parallelism?
repeating the same grammatical structure within a sentence or series of sentences
eg. i stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors
35
what is anadiplosis?
repeating the last word of a sentence at the first word of the next
eg. suffering breeds character, character breeds faith, faith will not disappoint
36
what is antithesis?
repeating words/ ideas in opposite senses
eg. we all must help one another or we will kill one another
37
what is epanalepsis?
repeating the first word of a sentence at the end
eg. nothing will be achieved if we do nothing
38
what is chiasmus?
repetition in reverse order
eg. fair is foul and foul is fair
39
What is epiplexis in questioning
questions used to rebuke (tell off)
40
What is anacoenosis in questioning
questions which ask the audience to consider their opinion or viewpoint implying a common interest
41
What is hypophora in questioning
questions which are asked by the speaker which they then immediately answer
42
What is erotesis in questioning
questions which pre suppose that their answer will be a strong and obvious positive or negative
43
what does allocentric mean?
others at the centre
44
what does egocentric mean?
one person at the centre
45
what does anthropocentric mean?
humans at the centre
46
what does theocentric mean?
religion at the centre
47
what is hypophora?
asking a question and answering it
48
what is a honorific?
title given for respect
mrs, mr, sir
49
what is a neologism?
new word/ phrase becoming mainstream
50
what is asyndetic listing?
list connected with a comma
51
what are archaic words?
old words
52
what do you call words that are/ not used often?
high/ low frequency lexis
53
what is neologism?
new words
54
what do we call polite words?
courtesy term
55
what do wo call words frequently found together?
collocation
56
what are the definite/ indefinite articles?
the/ an
57
what do we call dictionary meanings?
denotation
58
what do we call words with very strong/emotive connotations?
loaded term
59
sentence starting with there and saying something exists (eg-there are nuts on the table)
existential sentence
60
tell us how often (eg-always)
frequency adverbs
61
two words or groups of words that sound similar but have different meanings
homophone
62
delivers information and explains an issue or subject (eg-a textbook)
expository discourse
63
typographical choices that imply prosody
pseudo prosody
64
blunt expression for a neutral one (eg-the loony bin)
dysphemism
65
offer subjective opinions
evaluative adjective
66
tells us how (carefully)
manner verbs
67
tells us how much
degree adverbs
68
tells us how often
frequency adverbs
69
refers to self
reflexive pronoun
70
polite indirect phrase for a sensitive topic
euphemism
71
politically indirect phrase?
political euphemism
72
words used for an associated thing (the crown)
metonym
73
long established expression with an accepted meaning
idiom
74
what do we call a short sentence?
minor sentence
75
what is a pre-modified noun phrase?
words before the noun describing it
76
post modified noun phrase
words describing the noun after it
77
missing words form a sentence
ellipsis
78
triadic and quadratic
3/4 in a sentence
79
fronting and end focus
parts of sentence placed at beginning and end for effect
80
parallel syntax
parallel patterns of word order (live by the sword die by the sword)
81
conditional sentencing
if and presenting a condition
82
can, could, may, might, will ,would, shall, should, must
modal auxiliary verbs
83
cultural allusion
reference to culture and shared knowledge
84
meaning that isn't explicitly stated
implicature
85
what is accelerando?
speech that is getting faster
86
what is an acronym?
list of letters which is pronounced as a word
87
what is an adjunct?
an adverb answering 'where' 'how' 'when'
-the baby OFTEN sleeps
88
what is an anaphoric reference?
referencing to an earlier noun phrase
89
what is an antonym?
words that are opposite in meaning
90
what is an apposition?
noun phrase separated by commas, dashes or brackets
91
what is asyndetic listing?
connected by comma
92
what is an auxiliary verb?
used alongside main verb to express tense, mood or voice
it IS raining
93
what is assonance?
repetition of vowel sounds (rhyming)
age/ rave
94
what is a bi-nomial pair?
collocation
scream and shout
95
what is a free morpheme?
smallest unit of language that can occur by itself
happy
96
what is a bound morpheme?
prefix of suffix attached to a free morpheme
unhappy
97
wat is a comment clause?
i mean
i think
commonly occurring clause in speech
98
what is a copula verb?
one that is followed by a compliment
be, seem, appear
99
what is deontic modality?
modal verb showing ability, necessity, obligation
can,could,may
100
what is a derivation?
word formed by adding affixes
101
what is dialect levelling?
reduction in differences between dialects through contact and media
102
what is enclitic?
unstressed morpheme joining phonetically
don't
103
what is end focus?
position of info at the end of clause for emphasis
104
what is epistemic modality?
modal verb assessing likelihood of an event taking place
may, might
105
what is figurative language?
on literal language to create poetic and descriptive effect
simile
metaphor
106
what is foregrounding/ fronting?
change in order of clause elements to draw attention to a particular term
IN WINTER, i am moody
107
what are function words?
prepositions, determiners, conjunctions
108
what is a homonym?
words with the same sound and form but different meanings
109
what is a homophone?
word with the same sound but different spelling and meaning
110
what is an idiom?
meaning is not literal
jumping the gun
111
what is an inclusive?
we, us
includes other speakers
112
what is an inflection?
suffix
113
what is lexical diffusion?
gradual spread of linguistic change
114
what is liaison?
a process changing the pronunciation of words
115
what is malapropism?
misuse of similar sounding words
116
what is a minimal pair?
identical except one phoneme
pin/pan
pot/shot
117
what is a modifier?
adds description
the SLOW train
118
what are monitoring functions?
check a speaker is still listening
can you believe
you know
119
What are obsolete words?
words which are no longer in use
120
what are ordinal numbers?
Words which indicate the order of a sequence
First, third
121
What is parenthesis?
Brackets, dashes, commas, pauses
122
What are phonemes?
smallest unit of sound
123
What is post modification?
come after the head
124
What is semantic change?
meaning of word changes over time
125
What is a quoting clause?
Tells you who said the quote
‘Said the audience’
126
What is rallentando?
speech that is getting slower
127
What are spontaneity markers?
marks speech as spontaneous
Fillers
Hesitations
128
What is synthetic listing?
connected by a conjunction
129
what is an inflection?
grammatical modification
express tense, number
130
what is ephemeral language
language that fades fast and is not remembered
-slang
-social media posts
131
a sentence using time phrases
temporal expression
temporal adverbial
132
what is a manner adverb?
to do something carefully/ quickly
133
how does tripling engage an audience?
creates rhythm and flow
memorable and satisfying
gives weight and authority
creates a climactic effect
134
what is a conative function
influences behaviour of the recipient
