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Question 1

why can elements be classed as ionic?

Answer 1

because when a metal and non metal react, they create a large lattice structure with STRONG IONIC bonds

Question 2

why can elements and compounds be classed as simple molecular?

Answer 2

They have no overall charge, they cannot conduct electricity, they can also dissolve and melt easily proving that the bonds can easily be overcome.

Question 3

why can elements and compounds be classed as giant covalent?

Answer 3

They use covalent structures, however they are made up of many atom joined together main EGS are DIAMOND and GRAPHITE (carbon allotropes)

Question 4

why can elements and compounds be classed as metallic

Answer 4

they lose electrons in order to gain stability, they also have a sea of freely moving ELECTRONS moving through organised lines of positive metal ions

Question 5

How does the structure of bonds affect properties?

Answer 5

resilient ties of atoms or compounds lead to a harder material and a stronger one, with a simple covalent structure such as lead, they have thin layers, allowing the lead to shed easily.

Question 6

Properties of ionic compounds

Answer 6

Crystals are formed with lattice structures
High melting and boiling points
Hard and brittle
conduct electricity while in water
good insulators
DO NOT CONDUCT AS A SOLID.

Question 7

Properties of simple covalent molecular compounds

Answer 7

They have low melting and boiling points because their bonds are weak due to forces being weak between the simple compounds.
They are poor conductors due to them not having a free electron.

Question 8

Describe the structures of graphite and diamond

Answer 8

Each carbon atom bonds with four other carbon atoms, forming a tetrahedron.
All the covalent bonds are identical and strong with no weak intermolecular forces. diamond has a triangular structure, graphite has a layered structure

Question 9

acids in a solution are sources of what ions

Answer 9

hydrogen

Question 10

alkalis in a solution are sources of what ions

Answer 10

hydroxide

Question 11

what is the effect of acids and alkalis on litmus

Answer 11

red in acid

blue in alkali

Question 12

what is the effect of acids and alkalis on methyl orange

Answer 12

alkali is yellow

acid red

Question 13

what is the effect of acids and alkalis on phenolphthalein

Answer 13

pink in alkali

colourless in acids

Question 14

if there is a high concentration of hydrogen ions in an acidic solution, what will happen to the ph

Answer 14

lower

Question 15

if there is a high concentration of hydroxide ions in an alkali solution, what will happen to the ph

Answer 15

increase

Question 16

as the ph decreases by one, the hydrogen ion concentration increases by…

Answer 16

ten

Question 17

what does dilute mean with respect to the amount of a substance in a solution?

Answer 17

a small amount of the solute compared to solvent?

Question 18

what is a solvent?

Answer 18

the component where a solute usually dissolves eg water

Question 19

what is a solute?

Answer 19

the component that is dissolved with a solvent to make a SOLUTION

Question 20

what is concentration

Answer 20

the amount of substance in a refined space

Question 21

explain a weak acid? in terms of ions

Answer 21

molecules that partially dissociate into ions in aqueous solutions.

release some H+ ions they have

PH is usually 3-5

Question 22

what does disassociate mean?

Answer 22

the breaking down of a compound into elements

Question 23

explain a strong acid?

Answer 23

the molecules completely dissociate into their ions in water

PH is always very low

release all H+ ions

Question 24

what is a base?

Answer 24

a substance that reacts with an acid to form salt and water so——Base+acid=water=salt

Question 25

what is the chemical test for hydrogen?

Answer 25

squeaky pop, a lit splint should be held above the test tube and a loud pop should be heard if hydrogen is present

Question 26

chemical test for co2 using limewater

Answer 26

mix an acid and a carbonate in a flask, there should be a tube making the gas feed into a test tube of limewater, this should turn a milky colour if the co2 is present. Acid+ metal carbonate= salt+water+co2

Question 27

acid+metal oxide=

Answer 27

salt and water | 2HCl+CuO+CuCl2+H2O

Question 28

acid+ metal hydroxide=

Answer 28

salt and water | Hcl+NaOH=NaCl+H2O

Question 29

acid + metal=

Answer 29

salt and hydrogen | 2HCl+Mg=MgCl2+H2

Question 30

an acid alkali neutralisation is a reaction where...

Answer 30

H+ions from the acid react W hydroxide ions (OH-) from the alkali to form water.

Question 31

how do u calcthe formula mass when given ram

Answer 31

add the rams up to get the formula mass EG mg AR=24 Cl AR=35.5 to get mgcl2 you need two cl ions so it is 24+2x35.5

Question 32

how to calc the empirical formula

Answer 32

``` EG C6 H12 O6 molecular formula of gluces is six so divide all by molecular formula 6/6 12/6 6/6 so the empirical formula+CH2o ```

Question 33

eq for moles in a concetnration/ triangle

Answer 33

mass | concentration x volume

Question 34

moles eq

Answer 34

mass | moles x Mr

Question 35

avogrados constant =

Answer 35

6.02x10 to the power of 23

Question 36

where do u use avogrados constant

Answer 36

eg how many atoms r there in 60 g of magneusium moles= mass/ ar =60/24=2.5 moles multiply moles by avogrados constant to find the number of atoms in a mole so 2.5x avogrados constant

Question 37

what are electrolytes

Answer 37

the ionizing part of the cell not solid

Question 38

describe electrolysis in a solution

Answer 38

get two unreactive electrodes such as platinum clean the surfaces of the electrodes with sand paper DO NOT TOUCH ELECTRODES NOW they could contaminate the electrodes put the electrodes ina beaker w the electrolyte connect electrodes to as power supply w croc clips, a current will flow through the circuit

Question 39

describe electrolysis if a molten substance is used

Answer 39

put the solid ionic substance in a crucible heat cruccible w bunsesn burner do this in a fume cupboard once the solid has melted dip the two clean electrodes in the metal and turn power on

Question 40

explain the movement between the cations and the cathode

Answer 40

the cation is

Question 41

what do fertilisers contain to promote plant growth

Answer 41

N P K

Question 42

what does ammonia react w nitric acid to create

Answer 42

a salt used in fertilisation

Question 43

ibe the haber process

Answer 43

hydrogen and nniitrogen are mixedd in the ratio 3:1 the mixture then favoours theforwaard reaction as there is a higher pressure, the forward reaction produces ammonia inn the liquid form and any spare reactants are reversed using a condenser to reduce waste

Question 44

what is produced in the haber reaction using hydrogen and nitrogen

Answer 44

liquid ammonium

Question 45

how can we predict the rate of equilibrium using temp and pressure or concentration

Answer 45

its reached faster if pressure is greater as there is mor collision or higher temps and concentration

Question 46

how does a catalyst speed up the equilibrium speed

Answer 46

in the haber process an iron catalyst is used to speed up eqiulibrium howevr it doesnt affect position of eq or thre yieldc

Question 47

ammonium + acid=

Answer 47

salt

Question 48

how do we make ammonium sulfate

Answer 48

set up a burette containing the desired amont of diluutesulfuric acid, and slowly pour into an ammonia soluutiw indicatoride, leave to evap and crystalise

Question 49

how is ammonia sulfate made industrially

Answer 49

haber process

Question 50

when r ions formed

Answer 50

when atoms lose or gain electrons

Question 51

name the charges of g1 g2g g6 g7 ions in order

Answer 51

1 2 2- 1-

Question 52

why are endings such as ide and ate used

Answer 52

``` ide= not metsl ions ate= normal in the presence of o2 ```

Question 53

whats a fullerene

Answer 53

allotrope of carbon eg C60 or C23

Question 54

half eq at the anode

Answer 54

put onne ofthings is being ooxidised or reduced on one side of the arrow andfd the thing it gets oilrigged to on the other eg--- Na=Na+ + e-