P1S1 Flashcards

Question

# How is: Human exceptionalism challenged?

Answer 1

* It is shown that animals have relationships with each other * Utilitarian view that what counts is maximising happiness and minimising suffering

Answer 2

1. Benthem - 'the question is not"can they reason?" nor, "Can they talk?", But, "Can they suffer"' 2. speciesism if they are not treated on the same level 3. Charles Darwin argued that animals thinked similarly to humans, just that it was extent and not kind which matters 4. All beings have the same origin which is God 5. God established a convenant with Noah in the flood in Genesis

Answer 3

1. Human beings have higher moral status as they haved evolved better 2. Kant - dominance as we have ability to reason 3. Mill - utilitarian view of human dominance as we are capable of having better pleasures 4. made in the image of god 5. incarnation saving just humans 6. Genesis narrative says that animals were not companions for Adam

Answer 4

* Best possible universe consists many different spcies * animals were made by God so have value * Therefore, domion should be stewardship and caring for the animals.

Answer 5

The view that some properties of objects are essential o them. This means that humans have a set of characterstics making them what they are, for example, a knife needs a blade

Answer 6

Made in the image of God: It is made in the image of God ("So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him: male and female he created them") Rational and moral which differentiates us from different animals Fallen and sinful: original sin handed over through generations 'for all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God' means humans are **inclined to sin**

Answer 7

* Humans have a body and a soul * Soul is the rational and moral part whereas body is driven by instinct and physcially * Since the Fall the body came revellious and refused to obey the rational soul, leading to **concupisence**.

Answer 8

* As humans are created in God's image people are good and do not sin deliberatly * The fall damaged people's ability to reason * they mistake apparant goods for real goods * these are arrived at by mistake and not deliberately

Answer 9

* No such thing, as we are who we are through the chioces we make * philosophy called existentialism * 'existence preceeds essence', meaning life and choices come first and make ur nature

Answer 10

* human nature is driven to reproduce our genes * altruistic behavior can be explained as it is trying to ensure gene reporuction * This makes humans selfish * "Let us try to teach generosity and altruism, becasue we are born selfish" * Strength: strong argument as it provides a biological answer to explain why humans act selfishly * Weakness: family members are helped out of love not trying to reproduce a gene pool

Answer 11

A spiritual and immaterial aspect of your identity usually present in religions

Answer 12

The belief that the real world is nothing more than the physical world, and that consciousness is just physical processes

Answer 13

The belief that people are made out of two parts - soul, not physical, and body, which is physical

Answer 14

The belief that the soul lives on after death

Answer 15

* They both exist, taking a dualistic point of view * In genesis 2, a man was formed from the ground but breathed in the breath of life to become a living being, suggesting a soul * Paul encourages Christians to "live by the spirit" instead of bodily desires * The soul is immortal as shown by Matthew 10:28 : "And do not fear those who kill the body but cannot kill the soul. Rather fear him who can destroy both soul and body in hell"

Answer 16

The concept that after the fall and original sin the mind was weakened and did not have enough will to ignore bodily desires, leading to a greedy violent and selfish human nature

Answer 17

* Bought by Rene Descartes * Belived that the body was intangled with the soul, and can be proven as the body can feel pain, whoever his mind is not present in his body and can feel the body's pains.

Answer 18

* It provides an explanation of how the body and the mind communicate with one another * Explains a variety of mental experiences that no physical explanation can account for, e.g. human thoughts and beliefs

Answer 19

* Something immaterial and material cannot be unified * Scientific explanations could be possible for feelings in the mind by parts of the brain

Answer 20

(Dawkin) Consciousness is just electro-chemical events in the brain, so there is no afterlife or soul

Answer 21

* You should not put yourself in front of others * Shown by parable of the good samaritan, and sheep and goats * God's second greatest commandment: love your neighbour * Very negative view

Answer 22

* Human nature is selfish and there is no moral right or wrong built into ourselves * Therefore naturally we fight and steal * eventually we realise it is in our intrests to make a social contract to limit the extents of our own behaviors leading to society

Answer 23

* It is glutenous * egoist * makes us ignorant of other people's need * can easily corrupt someone * cannot guarantee happiness * can lead to obsession

Answer 24

* Being wealthy is not a problem * However, desiring or craving wealth is wrong * "No one can serve two masters."

Answer 25

* It is immoral as living comfortably is not neccesary and this money would help others more than yourself.

Answer 26

It is good as it motivates humans to do better than what they are doing leading to improvement in society. For example, scientific progress is directed by greed. It is also shown that charity can be counter productive to society Weaknesses of capital approach: benefits are rarely distributed, and monopoly power can be gained, and icnrouges excessive greed and materialism

Answer 27

Not knowing or understanding the difference between right and wrong, or what makes actions wrong

Answer 28

* The parable of the rich young man * He got sent to hell for not helping a beggar in need * Asked to help his brothers but was refused as there were prophets already delivering messages * this means ignorance is not listening to the messages out there which is a sin * impact is that we do not need divine intervention to act justly, that we should not be ignorant to those less fortunate than ourselves and we should treat our neighbour the way we would want to be treated. Also means that ignorance can have significant consequences

Answer 29

1. Sin is an act or thought turning away from God 2. The fall impacted human nature 3. the ability to reason can be used to uncover right from wrong 4. The synderesis is created by God and seeks a natural orientation towards good. 5. Sometimes apparant good and real goods are mistaken leading to sin 6. This can only be taken in account if it is vincible ignorance which is not knowing something we should. (Invincible ignorance is not knowing something that is impossible to know)

Answer 30

* Through the thought experiment veil of ignorance * This is to imagine how to treat a society ignorant of your current race, gender, ability, pets, money... * That way the resulting society should be fair for all

Answer 31

* An action or thought that seperates humans from God, whether it is against his laws or morals * Christians believe all humans commit sins

Answer 32

The world has not been getting better as there is sin everywhere - crimes and capitalism and political systems Good actions are mixed with selfishness God brings us understanding of our sin, whereas otherwise pride blinds us or we despair and realise our limitations

P1S1 Flashcards

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