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Phy > P2 - Thermal physics (kinetic particle model of matter, thermal expansion, boiling and evaporation, convection, conduction, radiation and their consequences) > Flashcards

P2 - Thermal physics (kinetic particle model of matter, thermal expansion, boiling and evaporation, convection, conduction, radiation and their consequences) Flashcards

(82 cards)

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1
Q

process of:
-solid to liquid
-liquid to gas
-gas to liquid
-liquid to solid
-solid to gas
-gas to solid

A

-melting
-boiling/ evaporation
-condensation
-freezing
-sublimation
-deposition

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2
Q

particle arrangement and motion in solid

A

-lattice structure with closely and in packed particles
motion in particles that vibrate in fixed positions

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3
Q

particle arrangement and motion in liquids

A

-irregular order of particles that slide past each other randomly

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4
Q

particle arrangement and motion in gas

A

-irregular order of particles that move around freely and randomly in all directions.

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5
Q

compressible- solid, liquid, gas

A

solid- no
liquid- no
gas- yes

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6
Q

space between particles in solid, liquid, gas

A

solid- no
liquid- yes, little
gas- yes lots

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7
Q

change in substance volume

A

solid- no
liquid- no
gas- yes

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8
Q

particle energy in solids, liquids, gas

A

solid- least
liquid- intermediate
gas- most

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9
Q

intermolecular forces in solid, liquid, gas

A

solid- strong
liquid- weak
gas- negligible

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10
Q

most to least expansion in matter

A

-gas
-liquid
-solids

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11
Q

define heat

A

amount of thermal energy

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12
Q

define temperature

A

average kinetic energy of particles

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13
Q

define absolute 0

A

-when particles have no kinetic energy = no movement
-measured in kelvin

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14
Q

what is 0 K in Celsius

A

0k = -273 C

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15
Q

what happens to a heat curve on a graph

A

-temperature stays constant when changing state till all particles are same state.

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16
Q

what is the relationship between the intermolecular forces and temperature of particles

A

increase temperature, decreases intermolecular forces

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17
Q

define Brownian’s motion

A

zig- zag motion of particles when suspended in fluid as a result of collision of particles in fluid.

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18
Q

2 example of Brownian’s motion

A

-smoke particles
-pollen grain

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19
Q

formula of pressure in solids

A

P = F/ A
Pressure = force/ area

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20
Q

formula of pressure in liquids

A

P = hpg
pressure = height x density x gravitational field strength

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21
Q

what is pressure in container

A

force of particles colliding on the wall of the container

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22
Q

where is pressure same in

A

all directions

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23
Q

what is the relationship between temperature and pressure

A

increase temperature, increase pressure

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24
Q

what is the relationship between volume and pressure

A

increase volume, decrease pressure

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25
what is the relationship between volume, temperature and pressure
-increase volume, increase temperature, constant pressure
26
which direction is the transfer of heat and when does it stop
hot to cold until both temperatures are equal
27
define insulators
-poor conductors of heat eg. air, wood, plastic -there is poor transfer of energy between particles
28
what do good conductors of heat do
-gain and lose heat easily
29
why are metal good conductors of heat
-particles collide to transfer energy -mobile electrons can carry energy through the structure
30
define expansion
particles gain thermal energy which is converted into kinetic energy to overcome intermolecular forces and move apart
31
expansion and contraction in power lines
-causes slack E -snaps C
32
why is mercery used in thermometers
-expands easily -volume increases with expansion
33
expansion and contraction in thermometer
-increase KE, increase volume, liquid rises E -decrease KE, decrease volume, liquid falls C
34
expansion and contraction in bridges
-rollers help to fill small gap E -rollers pull back C
35
expansion and contraction in railway
-get wonky E -break C
36
expansion and contraction in hot air balloon
-get bigger and rises E -get smaller and falls
37
expansion and contraction in thermostat
-metal bends and breaks circuit when too hot E -metal goes back to original position and completes circuit C
38
why do cables hang with slack
they don't snap when contracting
39
Why don't you reinforce concrete with Al rods
Al will expand and breaks concrete
40
why do bimetallic strips bend with heated
-one of the metals expands more and pushes the other one so both metal strips bend
41
why does water expand when freezing
-no KE to overcome Hydrogen bonds so it goes back to its regular structure
42
when does boiling/ evaporation happen
boiling- fixed temperature evaporation- any temperature
43
how fast is the process of boiling/ evaporation
boiling- quick process evaporation- long process
44
where in the liquid does boiling/ evaporation happen
boiling- throughout liquid evaporation- at surface of liquid
45
how does the temperature in boiling/ evaporation remain
boiling- constant evaporation- may change
46
how is energy supplied in boiling/ evaporation
boiling- heat source evaporation- environment
47
are bubbles formed in boiling/ evaporation
boiling- yes evaporation- no
48
what does evaporation cause and how
-cooling -evaporated particles carry energy so the body loses energy and feels colder
49
3 examples of cooling through evaporation
-coming out of hot shower -washing face -drying clothes
50
4 factors of evaporation
-temperature, more -humidity, less -surface area, more -wind speed, more
51
3 energy transfers
-conduction -convection -radiation
52
define conduction
transfer of energy through collision of particles
53
best to worst state of matter for conduction and why
-solid- closely packed together -liquid -gas- particles are far apart
54
define convection
transfer of energy in fluids by creating a convection current where less dense hot particles rises and more dense colder particles sinks
55
which states of matter are fluids
liquids and gas
56
why is convection only in fluids
they have to to free to move and set up a convection current
57
which is the best state of matter in convection and why
-liquids- particles are close to each other
58
what must you do when drawing a convection current
draw 2 arrows to show the convection current
59
what does the sea have more than the land
a larger thermal capicity
60
what is an onshore breeze
-at day -land loses heat, convection current, breeze to the land
61
what is an offshore breeze
-at night -water loses heat, convection current, breeze to water
62
why is it safer to touch hot stuff with a dry cloth than a wet cloth
-wet cloth has solids and liquids so it transfer heat through conduction and convection -dry cloth has only solid so it only transfers heat through conduction
63
why is a drought felt near a bon fire
the air from convection current comes past
64
why cant a fridge cool the food if it is tightly packed together
no air particles to do conduction or convection
65
define radiation
transfer of energy by a wave
66
where does radiation occur
solid, liquids, gas, vacuum (does not need a medium due to infrared radiation)
67
which state of matter is radiation best in
-gas- particles are far apart so there are less collisions for the wave and it can travel easily
68
what can be done to a wave
reflected, absorbed, transmitted, emitted
69
define emission
wave is given out
70
define transmission
traveling through a medium
71
rank best to worst reflectors
-shiny silver -white -glossy back -matt black
72
rank best to worst emitters
-matt black -glossy black -white -shiny sliver
73
rank best to worst absorbers
-matt black -glossy black -white -shiny sliver
74
5 ways to reduce heat loss from house
-double glazed windows -wooden door with foam strips -wool under roof -carpet on floor -curtain on walls
75
define global warming
-average temperature of the earth increasing
76
define the greenhouse effect
the earth's atmosphere traps heat
77
define climate change
-long term changes in climate
78
4 examples of climate change
-(unpredictable weather patterns) -floods -hurricanes -forest fires -soil erosion
79
2 main greenhouse gases
-methane - cows and sheep's burps, decomposition -carbon dioxide - respiration, combustion of fossil fuels
80
81
why is vacuum flask a good product
-cork stopper: insulator to prevent conduction from the top -insulated support: insulator to prevent conduction from the bottom -vacuum: prevents conduction and radiation- only radiation comes through -shiny silver layer inside: good reflector of radiation
82
how does the shiny silver layer in the vacuum flask work
-heat moves from hot to cold -good reflector of radiation from outside for cold water -good reflector of radiation from inside for hot water

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