padlet sessions/random facts

Question 1

what causes AVN

Answer 1

fat, thombophilia or nitrogen in blood (post-deep sea diving/decompression sickness) block tiny blood vessels which reduced blood supply causing AVN

Question 2

do osteochondro allografts require immunosuppresion

Answer 2

No, they take well

Question 3

do females have more lax ligaments than males.

Answer 3

yes

Question 4

what does a discectomy aim to do

Answer 4

reduced leg pain, not back pain

Question 5

how do you treat club foot?

Answer 5

ponsetti method +/- achilles tenotomy

Question 6

difference between sensitivity and specificity

Answer 6

sensitivity = accuracy
specificity = how many +ive tests mean you have the disease

Question 7

name the movements of the thumb

Answer 7

-

Question 8

List NSAIDS

Answer 8

aspirin…………

Question 9

Types of Gait

Answer 9

-

Question 10

teicoplanin used for what

Answer 10

-

Question 11

CES does PR exam look for

Answer 11

necessary to do

check lax anal sphincter; no contraction on cough/voluntary squeeze then not good

Question 12

banging your funny bone affects which nerve

Answer 12

ulnar nerve

Question 13

infliximab - Mechanism of action and what is it used for?

Answer 13

tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and is used to treat autoimmune diseases. Infliximab was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and rheumatoid arthritis.

Question 14

what does a waddling gait occur in?

Answer 14

Spondylolisthesis

Question 15

what is an ataxic gait?

Answer 15

Ataxia is a neurological sign consisting of lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements that includes gait abnormality. (stroke/tumour…)

Question 16

what is a parkinsonian gait?

Answer 16

characterized by small shuffling steps and a general slowness of movement (hypokinesia), due to parkinsons.

Question 17

what is Trendelenburg gait and why does it occur

Answer 17

due to gluteal weakness

occurs in unstable hip due to congenital dislocation of hip,

Question 18

what is a High stepping gait

Answer 18

due to foot drop, lift leg higher as foot defective

Question 19

what is an Antalgic gait

Answer 19

limp due to pain

Question 20

why does Circumduction gait occur?

Answer 20

hemiplegia (unilateral paresis, is weakness of one entire side of the body)

Question 21

what is a scissor gait and why does it occur?

Answer 21

Scissor gait is a form of gait abnormality primarily associated with spastic cerebral palsy.

gait pattern reminiscent of marrionette.

Question 22

Charlie Chaplin gait:

Answer 22

occurs in tibial torsion

Question 23

why do a joint stabilisation?

Answer 23

for unstable joints.

Question 24

why is joint replacement not done unless arthritis significant

Answer 24

treatment for pain not swelling/stiffness

Question 25

tinels test and phalens test and durkans test used for?

Answer 25

carpal tunnel syndrome

Question 26

Finklesteins test diagnoses what?

Answer 26

De Quervines tenosynovitis

Question 27

thumb movements

Answer 27

idk

Question 28

foot/ankle movements

Answer 28

idk

Question 29

bones of the wrist and ankle

Answer 29

idk

Question 30

what nerve supplies radial half of ring finger and first 3 fingers

Answer 30

median nerve

Question 31

supply of FDS and FDP

Answer 31

FDP = half ulnar nerve and half median FDS = median nerve

Question 32

why do Steinmanns test?

Answer 32

meniscal tears can be positive or negative for degenerative, acute = usually positive

Question 33

osteogenesis imperfecta treatment

Answer 33

biphosphonates used (reduced fracture risk - conrtoversial). also care of broken bones, pain medication, physiotherapy, braces or wheelchairs, and surgery, bone infections treated

Question 34

how do biphosphonates work?

Answer 34

osteoclast reabsorb bone - biphospahates stop this

Question 35

NSAID's need warning for what conditions

Answer 35

NSAID-sensitive asthma can occur, risk needs assessed (mild asthma is okay 15% flare up dis with aspirin, if brittle uncontrolled asthma then risk is probably too much). occurs because although NSAID's reduces inflammatory cytokines other inflammatory cytokines are increase and these can cause exacerbation of asthma [also GI bleeds]

Question 36

x-ray changes for OA and RA

Answer 36

``` OA-loss L – loss of joint space O – osteophytes S – subchondral sclerosis S – subchondral cysts ``` ``` RA-LESS L – loss of joint space E – erosions S – soft tissue swelling S – soft bones (osteopenia) ```

Question 37

what cyst is found in popliteal fossa?

Answer 37

baker's cyst

Question 38

developmental juvenile baker's cyst facts and why it occurs?

Answer 38

not uncommon, do happen, resolve with passage of time because have weak point at the back so synovial fluid herniates

Question 39

with substantial soft tissue swelling/blistering what to use?

Answer 39

external fixator

Question 40

intracapular and elderly get what

Answer 40

total arthroplasty and hemiarthroplasty

Question 41

what is shenton's line

Answer 41

useful line on X-rays for detecting hip #'s

Question 42

do reflexes occur in spinal cord injury?

Answer 42

yes, they usually stop then recur within a day of complete spinal cord injury

Question 43

when do you check for talar shift?

Answer 43

follow ottawa criteria (no bony tenderness and take some weight through foot then no #). if either then need X-ray post sprain

Question 44

what does perilunate dislocation cause

Answer 44

wrist injury where if not see on X-ray fusion of wrist occurs - they need emergyen reduction and internal fixation with wires

Question 45

why does soft tissue welling need to go down before operating

Answer 45

makes skin unstable, difficult to close more open to bacteria (OM, septic arthritis).

Question 46

what does thomas's test indicate and when is it use

Answer 46

detects early arthritis in hip. used very rarely because the tests (rotations) show same

Question 47

when do you need to feel pubic symphysis in hip exam?

Answer 47

if suspect pubic rami #

Question 48

what does trapezium do?

Answer 48

rotates scapular (and pulls it forwards)

Question 49

sciatic, femoral nerve and obturator nerve supply what in thigh

Answer 49

sciatic = posterior femoral=anterior obturator = medial

Question 50

need to know small vessel ANCA +ive and large vessel vasculitis but not any other form of vasculitis (ignore rest but know medium exists).

Answer 50

what do you need to know for vasculitis

Question 51

wolffs law

Answer 51

bones only loaded on area of stress (which is why astarounts lose bone density).

Question 52

cracking knuckles

Answer 52

nitrogen under pressure forming gas bubbles.(not properly understood) - doesn't cause arthritis

Question 53

what does the supraspinatus

Answer 53

abducts the humerus

Question 54

what does the infraspinatus

Answer 54

externally rotates the humerus

Question 55

what does the Teres minor

Answer 55

externally rotates the humerus

Question 56

what does subscapularis

Answer 56

internally rotates the humerus

Question 57

what does the deltoid do? innervated by what nerve?

Answer 57

shoulder abduction, flexion and extension - innervated by auxiliary