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Yr 5 PACES > Paeds VIVAs > Flashcards

Paeds VIVAs Flashcards

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1
Q

why do children <5yrs wheeze when they have an URTI

A

narrower airways -> any small degree of narrowing caused by inflammation can cause wheeze/stridor

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2
Q

examination findings of long-standing asthma

A

Harrison sulci
hyper inflated chest

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3
Q

medications contraindicated in asthma

A

beta blockers
NSAIDs
ACEi
adenosine

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4
Q

why is asthma worse at night

A

lower levels of cortisol -> reduced anti-inflammatory effect

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5
Q

main features of autism

A

impaired social interaction
speech and language disorder
ritualistic repetitive behaviours

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6
Q

comorbidities assoc. w. ASD

A

learning difficulties
ADHD
sezirues
affective disorders

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7
Q

features of severe respiratory distress

A

grunting
marked chest recession
RR > 70

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8
Q

causative organism of bronchiolitis

A

RSV

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9
Q

preventative measure for high-risk pre-term infants for bronchiolitis

A

palivizumab

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10
Q

RFs for bronchiolitis

A

preterm w. BPD
underlying lung disease
congenital cyanotic heart disease

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11
Q

define cerebral palsy

A

non-progressive movement disorder due to damage in motor cortex around time of birth

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12
Q

RFs for CP

A

antenatal: infection
perinatal: sepsis, LBW, prematurity, asphyxia
postnatal: meningitis, head trauma

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13
Q

primitive reflexes

A

Moro: rapidly tipped backwards -> arms and legs extend
Rooting: tickle cheek -> turn to stimulus
Palmar: finger in palm -> grasp
Stepping: held upright with feet touching surface -> stepping motion

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14
Q

causes of vomiting in a child

A

posseting
gastroenteritis
GORD
pyloric stenosis
intussusception
biliary atresia

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15
Q

causes of rash in infants

A

viral infection
Mongolian blue spot
nappy rash
skin infection

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16
Q

classification of CMPA

A

IgE mediated = immediate
non-IgE mediated = delayed

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17
Q

mechanism of CMPA

A

IgE: mast cells -> histamine release
non-IgE: T cell mediated

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18
Q

pathophysiology of CF

A

AR mutation in CFTR gene causes reduced movement of chloride -> thick mucus

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19
Q

CF screening in UK

A

neonatal Guthrie: test for serum IRT
raised IRT -> screen for gene mutations
2 mutations -> sweat test

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20
Q

presentation of CF in newborn

A

dx at screening
meconium ileus

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21
Q

cause of loose stool in CF

A

pancreatic exocrine insufficiency

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22
Q

organisms that commonly cause infection in CF

A

s. aureus
h. influenza
pseudomonas
aspergillus
non-TB mycobacteria

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23
Q

complications of CF

A

diabetes mellitus
liver disease
infertility (vas deferent absence)

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24
Q

pH limit for severe DKA

A

<7.1

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25
complications of DKA treatment
cerebral oedema hypokalaemia
26
management of cerebral oedeoma
mannitol + hypertonic saline
27
how much fluids in DKA
20ml/kg bolus + maintenance
28
Down syndrome screening
10-14 weeks: combined test 14+ weeks: quadruple test
29
triple test for Down syndrome components
nuchal translucency beta hCG PAPP-A
30
genetic mechanisms of Down syndrome
nondisjunction Robertsonian translocation mosaicism
31
causes of feeding difficulties in neonate
non-specific illness GORD CMPA cleft palate
32
Down syndrome has increased risk of which cancer
AML
33
classification of bed wetting
primary +/- daytime Sx secondary: after dry for 6 months
34
causes of primary enuresis w.out daytime Sx
sleep arousal difficulties polyuria bladder dysfunction
35
causes of primary enuresis w. daytime Sx
disorders of lower urinary tract overactive bladder congenital malformations neurological disorders
36
causes of secondary enuresis
diabetes UTI constipation
37
age group for febrile convulsions
6 months - 6 years
38
when in illness do febrile convulsions tend to occur
start - rapid rise in temp
39
risk of recurrence of febrile convulsions
1 in 3
40
what are complex febrile convulsions
>15 mins focal seizure symptoms >1 in 24hrs
41
most common cause of febrile convulsions
roseola infant (HHV6)
42
what is functional abdominal pain
≥4 per month for ≥2 months somatic symptoms insufficient criteria for other functional GI disorders
43
condition that accounts for most causes of functional abdominal pain
IBS
44
when to admit infant with GORD
faltering growth feeding aversion unresponsive to medical therapy Sandifer's syndrome - paroxysmal limb sparing spasms
45
normal breastmilk intake for babies
160-180ml/kg/day
46
features of serious cause of headache
new severe/unexpected progressive/persistent associated features contacts w. similar Sx comorbidities preceding factors
47
location of lesion causing superior homonymous quandrantopia
temporal
48
location of lesion causing inferior homonymous quandrantopia
parietal
49
location of lesion causing hemianopia with macular sparing
optic radiation
50
location of lesion causing homonymous hemianopia
optic tract
51
common causative organisms for bacterial meningitis in infants
NHS organisms
52
common causative organisms of bacterial meningitis in neonates
GBS E coli listeria
53
contraindications for LP
raised ICP coagulopathy local infection meningococcal septicaemia
54
classic CSF findings in bacterial meningitis
turbid high polymorphs + protein low glucose (<50% of plasma)
55
triad of NAI
subdural haematoma retinal haemorrhage encephalopathy
56
RFs for NAI
domestic violence mental health disorders drug/alcohol misuse disability/chronic illness
57
causes of drowsiness in infants
normal sepsis intracranial infection hypoglycaemia
58
consequences of smoking/alcohol during pregnancy
alcohol -> fetal alcohol syndrome smoking -> IUGR, LBW, abruption, miscarriage
59
dxic imaging for orbital cellulitis
CT orbit
60
complications of orbital cellulitis
sight loss abscess meningitis intracranial infection
61
cause of reactive arthritis
extra-articular infection
62
common causative organisms of septic arthritis
s. aureus n. gonorrhoeae
63
what is Osgood Schlatter disease
tibial apophysitis inflammation at tibial tuberosity caused by repeated avulsion where patellar tendon inserts
64
age limits for precocious puberty
girls: <8 years boys: <9 years
65
physiological changes of puberty in girls in order
body growth breast development pubic hair sweating oily skin genital development discharge period
66
causes of delayed puberty
AN excessive exercise gonadal dysgenesis Kallmann syndrome Turner syndrome
67
hormonal axis responsible for pubtery
hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis
68
where else are sex steroids produced
adrenals
69
what is sickle cell disease
AR point mutation in codon 6 of beta global gene: glutamine -> valine
70
What is TGA
aorta and pulmonary arteries switched -> 2 independent circulations which only mix via PDA
71
cyanotic congenital heart disease
TGA ToF tricuspid atresia
72
four main features of TOF
VSD overriding aorta pulmonary stenosis RVH
73
long-term consequence of VSD which may present later in life
Eisenmenger syndrome: L-R shunt becomes R-L
74
scoring systems to assess severity of UC
Truelove and Witts PUCAI
75
classes of drugs used in UC
aminosalicylates steroids steroid sparing agents biologics
76
UC vs Crohn's
UC: continuous only affects colon mucosa and submucosa Crohn's: mouth to anus skip lesions transmural
77
complications of UC
toxic megacolon bowel cancer erythema nodosum enteric arthritis PSC
78
common causative organisms of UTIs in children
E coli klebsiella proteus
79
Structural anomalies that increase risk of UTIs
vesicoureterix reflux: ureteres insert directly into bladder -> short intramural path posterior urethral valve: obstructing membrane -> bladder outflow obstruction in males
80
what does DMSA assess for
renal scarring
81
paediatric sepsis 6
oxygen + fluids + abc blood cultures + UO + lactate involve senior clinicians early consider inotropic support
82
Triad of West Syndrome
2/3 of: infantile spasms developmental delay hypsarrhythmia on EEG
83
at what age is peak incidence of West Syndrome
4-7 months
84
causes of West syndrome
prenatal: microcephaly, hypoxic/ischaemic damage perinatal: hypoxia, ischaemia, infection postnatal: maple syrup urine disease, PKU
85
prognosis of West syndrome
poor idiopathic has better prognosis than symptomatic cases
86
complications of scarlet fever
glomerulonephritis rheumatic fever
87
types of laxatives
bulk forming: fybogel osmotic: movicol stimulant: Senna softening: arachis oil
88
risk stratification of Crohn's disease
low: inflammatory no strictures/penetrating disease medium: growth delay no clinical/biochemical remission high: stricture/penetrating disease additional RFs
89
risk of recurrence in intussusception
5%
90
high risk features of ALL
<1yr or >10yrs male, non-caucasian WBC > 50x10^9 t(9;22), t(8;14) presence of T/B cell markers poor response to chemo high residual disease

Yr 5 PACES (5 decks)

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