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Nursing 2910 > Pain > Flashcards

Pain Flashcards

(88 cards)

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1
Q

What is the pain response like for neontes

A

subtle

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2
Q

How many children experience chronic pain

A

15-20%

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3
Q

How early does a fetus feel pain

A

20 weeks

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4
Q

How is pain addressed in pediatrics

A

self-report, behavioral observations, or physiological measures

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5
Q

Oral sucrose

A

sucrose by mouth, alone or in combination with other analgesic measures, can be effective for pain control in newborns exposed to mild or moderately painful procedures

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6
Q

What can cause some older adults from reporting pain

A

cognitive impairment

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7
Q

What is important in dealing with older adults pain

A

nonverbal cues

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8
Q

What is common in patients with Alzheimer’s

A

unreliable behavioral cues and self-reporting of pain

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9
Q

What is common in pain with older adults

A

persistent pain

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10
Q

What are older adults at risk for

A

under treatment with nurses, over treatment of drugs

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11
Q

Transduction

A

activation of nociceptors by chemical, thermal, or mechanical stimuli

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12
Q

Mechanical stimuli

A

external forces that result in pressure or friction against the body

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13
Q

Thermal stimuli

A

extreme exposure to heat or cold

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14
Q

Chemical stimuli

A

internal and external reactions

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15
Q

Transmission

A

conduction of pain messages to the spinal cord through a-fibers or c-fibers

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16
Q

A-fibers

A

large in diameter, myelinated fibers, quick impulses of pain

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17
Q

C-fibers

A

slower, smaller, unmyelinated fibers that transmit slow impulses of pain

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18
Q

Pain perception

A

the ability to recognize and interpret pain through the frontal cortex

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19
Q

Pain perception for individuals

A

each person has a different perception of pain, but it stays the same for each individual

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20
Q

Pain modulation

A

changing pain perception

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21
Q

Adena

A

significant pain from non-painful stimuli

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22
Q

What does a release of substrates create

A

an inflammation response

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23
Q

What is the most common cause of pain

A

inflammation

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24
Q

How are pain signals facilitated or inhibited

A

endogenously

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25
Endogenous
neurons in the brain stem activate descending nerve cells that conduct impulses
26
Gate control theory
pain impulses can be modulated at the spinal level, pain is produced or inhibited
27
What causes pain to change
duration, quality, and intensity
28
Sympathetic response
acute pain activities, fight or flight, protective response, minimize blood loss
29
Parasympathetic response
consistent pain, away from danger, pain receptors transmit pain message so you are aware of any injuries, protective response
30
How does unrelieved pain impact the endocrine system
cause an extensive release of hormones, insulin and testosterone decrease
31
How does unrelieved pain impact the cardiovascular system
lead to clotting, hyper-coagulation, increase in heart rate/blood pressure/cardiac output/oxygen demands, the heart has to work harder, chest pain
32
How does unrelieved pain impact the musculoskeletal system
impaired muscle function, fatigue, problems with ADLs
33
How does unrelieved pain impact the respiratory system
shallow breathing, limited thoracic and abdominal movement, higher risk for pneumonia, cannot fully expand lungs, retains carbon dioxide (hypercapnia)
34
How does unrelieved pain impact the genitourinary system
hormone shifts that can decrease urinary output and fluid overload, low potassium
35
How does unrelieved pain impact the gastrointestinal system
intestinal secretions increase, smooth muscle tone increases, motility decreases
36
Cutaneous/superficial pain
pain that rises from the skin
37
Deep somatic pain
pain originating from ligaments, tendons, nerves, blood vessels, bones
38
What is deep somatic pain described as
localized, aching, tender
39
Examples of deep somatic pain
fractures, sprains, arthritis, bone cancer
40
Visceral pain
pain caused by stimulation of deep internal pain receptors
41
Where is visceral pain found
abdominal cavities, cranium, thoracic cavities
42
Describe visceral pain
not localized, tight, pressure, crampy
43
Examples of visceral pain
menstrual cramps, labor, GI infections, bowel disorders, bowel cancers
44
Radiating pain
pain that starts at an origin and stems to other locations
45
Examples of radiating pain
a sore throat the extends into the ears, heartburn
46
Referred pain
pain that is distant from the origin
47
Examples of referred pain
heart attack that causes pain in the arm or the jaw
48
Phantom pain
pain in areas that have been amputated
49
Describe phantom pain
burning, itching, deep pain
50
Psychogenic pain
pain from the mind, stressful situation can cause pain, there is no physical cause
51
How is pain classified by its cause
nociceptive or neuropathic
52
What is nociceptive pain
when pain receptors respond to stimuli that are potentially damaging
53
Nociceptors
sensory nerves that responsed to pain found in skin, joints, artery walls, and most internal organs
54
Where is the highest concentration of nociceptors found
the skin
55
Where is the lowest concentration of nociceptors found
organs
56
What causes nociceptive pain
trauma, surgery, inflammation thermal/chemical/ mechanical stimuli
57
What is neuropathic pain
complex, chronic pain coming from an injury to one or more nerves resulting in repeated transmission of pain signals through the nerve
58
What is neuropathic pain most commonly caused by
diabetes, stroke, tumor, alcoholism, amputation, infection, or shingles
59
How is pain classified by its duration/onset
acute, chronic, intractable
60
How can pain be classified
by its cause, duration/onset, or its description
61
Acute pain
short-term pain, less than 6 months, protective in nature
62
How is acute pain resolved
when stimuli disappears and the tissue is healed
63
Chronic pain
6 months or longer, interferes with ADLs
64
Intractable pain
chronic and highly resistant to relief
65
What is the best way to handle intractable pain
multiple methods of pain relief
66
How is pain classified by its description
quality, periodicity, and intensity
67
Quality
what the pain is described as sharp, dull, burning, stabbing, etc
68
Periodicity
occurrence of pain episodic, constant
69
Intensity
magnitude of experienced pain mild, distracting, intolerable, severe
70
What is pain influenced by
emotions, past experiences with pain, developmental stage, sociocultural factors, communication skills, cognitive impairments
71
COLDSPAA
Character Onset Location Duration Severity Pattern Associated factors Affect on the patient
72
A complete pain history includes
location, quality, intensity, aggravating/alleviating factors, timing, duration, impact on ADLS, impact on mobility, psychological/social factors
73
What is the 5th vital sign
pain
74
Visual analog scale (VAS)
horizontal line, no pain on the left, worst pain on the right
75
Visual analog scale uses
best for adults with no cognitive impairment, some patients have a hard time using because it is abstract, simple, quick
76
Numeric pain intensity scale
horizontal line with numbers 0-10, 0 being no pain 10 being the worst pain
77
Numeric pain intensity scale uses
the patient should be able to count, use numbers 0-5 if the patient is cognitively impaired
78
Simple descriptive pain intensity scale
uses different adjectives on a horizontal line to describe pain mild, moderate, severe
79
Simple descriptive pain intensity scale uses
can be time consuming, used if an individual has cognitive impairment
80
FACES pain rating scale
point to a face that best describes their pain and how they are feeling, it is important to describe what each face means
81
FACES pain rating scale uses
best for cognitive impairment and children 3 years and older
82
FLACC pain scale
a behavioral pain assessment scale for nonverbal patients
83
FLACC pain scale assessment
assess observation of face, legs activity, cry, and consolability
84
FLACC pain scale rating
0 means no pain, 3 means pain
85
What pain scale is used
the pain scale best for the patient's age, level of development, and level of education. the scale used should stay the same for each patient
86
General impression of pain
observe posture, body position, facial expressions, face, legs, activity, cry, and consolability, inspect joints and muscles
87
How many women die annually from pregnancy complications
700
88
American Indian, Alaskan Native, and Black women are how many times more likely to die from pregnancy compared to white women
2-3 times

Nursing 2910 (15 decks)

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