Pain

Question 1

What is the 5th vital sign?

Answer 1

Pain

Question 2

What are nocieptors?

Answer 2

Free nerve endings. Sensitive to thermal, mechanical, chemical stimuli.

Question 3

What are the 4 physiologic Process that conduct pain from the tissue injury to peripheral and central nervous system?

Answer 3

Transduction
Transmission
Modulation
Perception

Question 4

Define neurotransmitters.

Answer 4

Inflammatory substance released into the extra cellular space result of tissue damage.

Question 5

Nociception:

Answer 5

Sensation of tissue injury is conducted from peripheral to central nervous system.

Question 6

What is Transduction?

Answer 6

The body converts energy from pain stimuli into electrical energy through nociceptors at the place of tissue injury.This initiates the release of neurotransmitters.

Question 7

What is Transmission?

Answer 7

ACTION POTENTIAL or electrical signal transmitted to spinal cord or brain

Question 8

A-Delta Fibers:

Answer 8

Large diameter

Myelinated fibers with rapid conduction of signals that are translated as sharp, acute pain.

Question 9

C-Fibers:

Answer 9

Smaller, unmyelinated fibers with slow conduction of signals that are translated as diffuse, dull, and longer lasting.

Question 10

Define perception:

Answer 10

Recognizing pain when the brain translates electric signals as pain.

Question 11

Define modulation:

Answer 11

Changed perception by activating natural neurotransmitters called endogenous opioids.

Question 12

What is pain threshold?

Answer 12

Lowest intensity when the brain recognizes pain.

Question 13

Define pain tolerance:

Answer 13

Intensity or duration of pain that a patient can endure.

Question 14

What is pattern theory?

Answer 14

When an injury occurs a signal is carried along large diameter nerve fibers that may inhibit a signal carried by thin fibers. (A pattern has to occur before pain exists)

Question 15

What is Gate Control Theory?

Answer 15

Pain impulses are stopped at the spinal cord gate. There is no transmission to the brain. No perception of pain.

Question 16

What is acute pain?

Answer 16

Rapid onset
Short duration
Subsides when injury is healed.

Question 17

What is chronic pain?

Answer 17

Persistent pain
Long duration- 6months
May be episodic or continuous
May lead to disability

Question 18

What is neuropathic pain?

Answer 18

Episodic or continuous pain that resulted from nerve injury

Persistent without painful stimuli

Question 19

Nociceptive pain:

Answer 19

Physiologic pain results from nociceiptor stimulation in response to and injury or tissue damage.

Question 20

What is visceral pain?

Answer 20

Pain from organs

Question 21

What is referred pain?

Answer 21

Pain in an area other than the are causing pain.

Question 22

Radiating pain:

Answer 22

Pain that extends to other areas.

Question 23

Somatic pain:

Answer 23

Bone, skin, joint, and muscle pain

Question 24

Phantom pain:

Answer 24

Brain continues to receive messages from the area of amputation.

Question 25

Psychogenic pain:

Answer 25

Perceived pain without physical cause.

Question 26

How do you asses pain?

Answer 26

``` SOCRATES Site Onset Characteristics Radiation Associations Time course Exacerbating/relieving factors Severity ```

Question 27

1-3 on the pain scale?

Answer 27

Mild pain

Question 28

4-7 on the pain scale?

Answer 28

Moderate pain

Question 29

8-10 on the pain scale?

Answer 29

Severe pain

Question 30

What is PCA?

Answer 30

A medication pump that administers analgesia without a need of a nurse.

Question 31

What are the 2 therapeutic strategies used to manage pain:

Answer 31

Multimodal | Preemptive

Question 32

What types of drugs are used to treat mild or moderate pain:

Answer 32

Nonopioid analgesics | Nonsterodial anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)

Question 33

Types of drugs used to treat moderate to severe pain?

Answer 33

Opioid analgesics

Question 34

What is a On-Q infusion pump?

Answer 34

Continuous infusion of local anesthesia through an antimicrobial catheter.

Question 35

What is transdermal administrations?

Answer 35

Medicated adhesive patch. Allows absorption into the bloodstream.

Question 36

Intrathecal in injection or infusion:

Answer 36

Narcotic of local anesthetic into subarachnoid space through a needle or catheter provides pain relief to a large area of the body.

Question 37

Epidural analgesia:

Answer 37

Continuous infusion of a narcotic or local anesthetic into the epidural space by insertion or needle or catheter.

Question 38

Nerve block:

Answer 38

Injection or local anesthetic into or near spinal nerves for temporary pain control.

Question 39

Drug tolerance:

Answer 39

Adaptation to medication leads to ineffective pain management.

Question 40

Coanalgesic meds:

Answer 40

(Adjutant meds) work synergistically with standard pain meds to enhance pain relief and treat side effect?

Question 41

What is palliative care?

Answer 41

Improves quality of life for patients and families who face a life threatening illness. Provide pain and symptom relief Spiritual and psychological support From beginning of diagnosis to the end of life.

Question 42

What is the time interval for nonpharmacologic techniques?

Answer 42

30-60 minutes after intervention

Question 43

What is the time interval for IM,SC, or PO administrations?

Answer 43

30-60 minutes after intervention.

Question 44

What is the time interval of transdermal administration?

Answer 44

12-16 hours after intervention

Question 45

What is the time interval for IV or sublingual administration:

Answer 45

15-30 minutes after intervention

Question 46

Multimodal analgesia:

Answer 46

Multiple means for controlling pain.

Question 47

Preemptive analgesia:

Answer 47

Medication administered before pain. (surgery)

Question 48

Opioid analgesia:

Answer 48

Most effective agent for pain relief. (Highly addictive)